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Although the prevalence of malaria in macaque natural hosts has been investigated, their vectors remain unknown in this country. Herein, we performed a survey of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes during rainy and dry seasons in Narathiwat Province, Southern Thailand. Altogether 367 <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were captured for 40 nights during 18:00 to 06:00\u00a0h by using human-landing catches. Based on morphological and molecular identification, species composition comprised <jats:italic>An. maculatus<\/jats:italic> (37.06%), <jats:italic>An. barbirostris<\/jats:italic> s.l. (31.34%), <jats:italic>An. latens<\/jats:italic> (17.71%), <jats:italic>An. introlatus<\/jats:italic> (10.08%) and others (3.81%) including <jats:italic>An. umbrosus<\/jats:italic> s.l., <jats:italic>An. minimus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. hyrcanus<\/jats:italic> s.l., <jats:italic>An. aconitus, An. macarthuri<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>kochi<\/jats:italic>. Analyses of individual mosquitoes by PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic inference of the mitochondrial cytochrome genes of both malaria parasites and mosquitoes have revealed that the salivary gland samples of <jats:italic>An. latens<\/jats:italic> harbored <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091), <jats:italic>P. inui<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20092), <jats:italic>P. fieldi<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091), <jats:italic>P. coatneyi<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091), <jats:italic>P. hylobati<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091) and an unnamed <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species known to infect both long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (n\u2009=\u20092). The salivary glands of <jats:italic>An. introlatus<\/jats:italic> possessed <jats:italic>P. cynomolgi<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091), <jats:italic>P. inui<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091), <jats:italic>P. hylobati<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091) and coexistence of <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. inui<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091). An avian malaria parasite <jats:italic>P. juxtanucleare<\/jats:italic> has been identified in the salivary gland sample of <jats:italic>An. latens<\/jats:italic>. Three other distinct lineages of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> with phylogenetic affinity to avian malaria species were detected in <jats:italic>An. latens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. introlatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. macarthuri<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, the salivary gland sample of <jats:italic>An. maculatus<\/jats:italic> contained <jats:italic>P. caprae<\/jats:italic>, an ungulate malaria parasite known to infect domestic goats. Most infected mosquitoes harbored multiclonal <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infections. All <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>-infected mosquitoes were captured during the first quarter of the night and predominantly occurred during rainy season. Since simian malaria in humans has a wide geographic distribution in Thailand, further studies in other endemic areas of the country are mandatory for understanding transmission and prevention of zoonotic malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36017-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1685613763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Natural vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi and other primate, avian and ungulate malaria parasites in Narathiwat Province, Southern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Surasuk","family":"Yanmanee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Seethamchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napaporn","family":"Kuamsab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunate","family":"Karaphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wannapa","family":"Suwonkerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somchai","family":"Jongwutiwes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaturong","family":"Putaporntip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"36017_CR1","volume-title":"The Primate Malarias (Original Book Published 1971) [CD-ROM]. 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