{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:18:35Z","timestamp":1794356315244,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Load can change the mechanical environment of dynamic and static stable structures of the shoulder joint, increase the risk of tissue damage and affect the stability of the shoulder joint, but its biomechanical mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, a finite element model of the shoulder joint was constructed to analyze the mechanical index changes of shoulder joint abduction under different loads. The stress of the articular side on the supraspinatus tendon was higher than that of the capsular side, with a maximum difference of 43% due to the increased load. For the deltoid muscle and glenohumeral ligaments, increases in stress and strain were obvious in the middle and posterior deltoid muscles and inferior glenohumeral ligaments. The above results indicate that load increases the stress difference between the articular side and the capsular side on the supraspinatus tendon and increases the mechanical indices of the middle and posterior deltoid muscles, as well as the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The increased stress and strain in these specific sites can lead to tissue injury and affect the stability of the shoulder joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36049-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T10:01:27Z","timestamp":1686477687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of different loads on the shoulder in abduction postures: a finite element analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhengzhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"36049_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-021-03302-z","volume":"44","author":"H Asadi-Dereshgi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asadi-Dereshgi, H. & Serbest, K. A finite element model of the deltoid muscle and biomechanical analysis of the standing dumbbell fly for shoulder exercises. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. 44, 9 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"36049_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6090","volume":"46","author":"AB Gurney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gurney, A. B. et al. Shoulder electromyography measurements during activities of daily living and routine rehabilitation exercises. J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther. 46, 375\u2013383 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"36049_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2021.09.033","volume":"4","author":"SR Oak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oak, S. R. et al. Rehabilitation and return to play of the athlete after an upper extremity injury. Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil. 4, 163\u2013173 (2022).","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"36049_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-017-0226-4","volume":"37","author":"TM Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, T. M., Yang, C. H. & Chen, D. Z. Muscle activation levels during upper limb exercise performed using dumbbells and a spring-loaded exoskeleton. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 37, 345\u2013356 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"36049_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.32.215","volume":"32","author":"K Uchida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uchida, K. et al. Unsupervised low-intensity home exercises as an effective intervention for improving physical activity and physical capacity in the community-dwelling elderly. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 32, 215\u2013222 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"36049_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0033","volume":"75","author":"YAC Campos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campos, Y. A. C. et al. Different shoulder exercises affect the activation of deltoid portions in resistance-trained individuals. J. Hum. Kinet. 75, 5\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"36049_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2019.11.006","volume":"43","author":"A Patterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patterson, A., Dickerson, C. R. & Ribeiro, D. C. The effect of shoulder mobilization on scapular and shoulder muscle activity during resisted shoulder abduction: A crossover study of asymptomatic individuals. J. Manip. Physiol. Ther. 43, 832\u2013844 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"36049_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.05.023","volume":"30","author":"A Hecker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hecker, A. et al. Bouaicha. Deltoid muscle contribution to shoulder flexion and abduction strength: An experimental approach. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 30, 60\u201368 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912710","volume":"19","author":"DA Bonilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonilla, D. A. et al. Exercise selection and common injuries in fitness centers: A systematic integrative review and practical recommendations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19, 12710 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"36049_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.05.035","volume":"42","author":"P Westerhoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Westerhoff, P. et al. In vivo measurement of shoulder joint loads during activities of daily living. J. Biomech. 42, 1840\u20131849c (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"36049_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0157-z","volume":"26","author":"N Sousa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sousa, N., Mendes, R., Monteiro, G. & Abrantes, C. Progressive resistance strength training and the related injuries in older adults: The susceptibility of the shoulder. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 235\u2013240 (2014).","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"36049_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.09.011","volume":"36","author":"CR Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams, C. R. et al. The effect of glenohumeral fixation angle on deltoid function during superior capsule reconstruction: A biomechanical investigation. Arthroscopy 36, 400\u2013408 (2020).","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"36049_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120964476","volume":"8","author":"D Rybalko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rybalko, D. Biomechanics in an incomplete versus complete supraspinatus tear: A cadaveric study. Orthop. J. Sports. Med. 8, 12 (2020).","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports. Med."},{"key":"36049_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2020.02.003","volume":"19","author":"V Filardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filardi, V. Stress distribution in the humerus during elevation of the arm and external abduction. J. Orthop. 19, 218\u2013222 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"36049_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.11.055","volume":"28","author":"VJ Sabesan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabesan, V. J., Lima, D. J. L., Whaley, J. D., Pathak, V. & Zhang, L. Biomechanical comparison of 2 augmented glenoid designs: An integrated kinematic finite element analysis. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 28, 1166\u20131174 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1248-y","volume":"43","author":"M Isl\u00e1n-Marcos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isl\u00e1n-Marcos, M. et al. Behavior under load of a human shoulder: Finite element simulation and analysis. J. Med. Syst. 43, 256 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"36049_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840701463986","volume":"10","author":"S Duprey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duprey, S., Bruyere, K. & Verriest, J. P. Human shoulder response to side impacts: A finite element study. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 10, 361\u2013370 (2007).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"36049_CR18","first-page":"125","volume":"48","author":"SW Koh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koh, S. W., Cavanaugh, J. M., Leach, J. P. & Rouhana, S. W. Mechanical properties of the shoulder ligaments under dynamic loading. Stapp. Car. Crash. J. 48, 125\u2013153 (2004).","journal-title":"Stapp. Car. Crash. J."},{"key":"36049_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2008-4","volume":"21","author":"A Inoue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Inoue, A., Chosa, E., Goto, K. & Ajima, N. T. Nonlinear stress analysis of the supraspinatus tendon using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Knee. Surg. Sports. Traumatol. Arthrosc. 21, 1151\u20131157 (2013).","journal-title":"Knee. Surg. Sports. Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"36049_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1140-2","volume":"36","author":"PA Mathieu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathieu, P. A., Marcheix, P. S., Hummel, V., Valleix, D. & Mabit, C. Anatomical study of the clavicle: Endomedullary morphology. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 36, 11\u201315 (2014).","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"36049_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.09.016","volume":"16","author":"JA DeLude","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeLude, J. A. et al. An anthropometric study of the bilateral anatomy of the humerus. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 16, 477\u2013483 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR22","first-page":"255","volume":"67","author":"G Paraskevas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paraskevas, G. et al. Morphological parameters of the acromion. Folia Morphol. 67, 255\u2013260 (2008).","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"36049_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B4.12062","volume":"85","author":"P Reilly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reilly, P., Amis, A. A., Wallace, A. L. & Emery, R. J. Mechanical factors in the initiation and propagation of tears of the rotator cuff. Quantification of strains of the supraspinatus tendon in vitro. J. Bone Joint. Surg. 85, 594\u2013599 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint. Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2000.106321","volume":"9","author":"M Apreleva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Apreleva, M., Parsons, I. M. T., Warner, J. J., Fu, F. H. & Wo, S. L. Experimental investigation of reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint during active abduction. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 9, 409\u2013417 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573220910093","volume":"13","author":"JS Lockhart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lockhart, J. S., Wong, M. T., Langohr, G. D. G., Athwal, G. S. & Johnson, J. A. The effect of load and plane of elevation on acromial stress after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Shoulder Elbow 13, 388\u2013395 (2021).","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"36049_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104379","volume":"133","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Biomechanical analysis of a novel clavicular hook plate for the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation: A finite element analysis. Comput. Biol. Med. 133, 104379 (2021).","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"36049_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.07.032","volume":"21","author":"S Namdari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Namdari, S. et al. Defining functional shoulder range of motion for activities of daily living. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 21, 1177\u20131183 (2012).","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"36049_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics2020020","volume":"2","author":"E Croci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Croci, E. et al. Reliability of the fluoroscopic assessment of load-induced glenohumeral translation during a 30\u00b0 shoulder abduction test. Biomech. (Basel) 2, 255\u2013263 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomech. (Basel)"},{"key":"36049_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20181083","volume":"13","author":"G Spargoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spargoli, G. Supraspinatus tendon pathomechanics: A current concepts review. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 13, 1083\u20131094 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"36049_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.05.005","volume":"105","author":"J Seo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seo, J., Heo, K., Kwon, S. & Yoo, J. Critical shoulder angle and greater tuberosity angle according to the partial thickness rotator cuff tear patterns. Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 105, 1543\u20131548 (2019).","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"36049_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92074-6","volume":"11","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L., Guo, X., Tan, L. & Chen, Q. Quantitative assessment of normal middle deltoid muscle elasticity at various arm abduction using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Sci. Rep. 11, 12479 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"36049_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23717","volume":"34","author":"AJS Fox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fox, A. J. S. et al. The glenohumeral ligaments: Superior, middle, and inferior: Anatomy, biomechanics, injury, and diagnosis. Clin. Anat. 34, 283\u2013296 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"36049_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-7-29","volume":"7","author":"DF Massimini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Massimini, D. F. et al. In-vivo glenohumeral translation and ligament elongation during abduction and abduction with internal and external rotation. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 7, 1 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-36049-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-36049-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-36049-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T10:01:36Z","timestamp":1686477696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-36049-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-36049-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9490"}}