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Infestation may result in numerous negative health effects. Homeless shelters are one of the most habitats that can be infested with bed bugs, a few studies have focused on bed bug infestations in these settings. We conducted a survey of infestations of bed bugs in a homeless shelter in southern France, using an innovative seven-level scale (0\u20136) to assess the degree of infestation, MALDI\u00a0TOF-MS to identify bed bugs, and a biomolecular tool to detect bacteria. Bed bug infestations were documented in 13% (9\/68) of investigated rooms. A total of 184 bed bugs were collected and morphologically identified as\n                    <jats:italic>Cimex lectularius<\/jats:italic>\n                    . MALDI TOF\u2013MS analysis allowed us to obtain high-quality MS spectra for all 184 specimens, to correctly identify all specimens, and included 178\/184 (97%) Log Score Values higher than 1.8. Among the bacteria tested,\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. DNA was found in 149\/184 (81%) of the bed bugs, and one sample was positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of Q fever. Our study is the first of its kind that offers new perspectives for increasing public awareness of the conditions in homeless shelters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38458-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T12:02:13Z","timestamp":1690977733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Survey of bed bug infestations in homeless shelters in southern France"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bouthaina","family":"Hasnaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Michel","family":"B\u00e9renger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Delaunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5476-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adama Zan","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hadji Ibrahima","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saidou Ahamada","family":"M\u2019madi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Masotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8020-0050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Sevestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"38458_CR1","unstructured":"Gangloff-Kaufmann, J. & Pichler, C. 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