{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:46:19Z","timestamp":1789566379074,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current study, the physicochemical, engine performance, and exhaust emission of different ternary fuel blends containing waste fish oil (WFO) biodiesel, bioethanol, and petro-diesel have been investigated. WFO Biodiesel was prepared from waste fish oil via transesterification method. Different physiochemical properties including the kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, pour point, cloud point, and heat value have been measured for different fuel blends and compared with the neat petro-diesel. The performance and exhaust emission of engine have been also studied using different fuel blends using a single-cylinder diesel engine in full load condition at 1800\u00a0rpm. It was found that the engine torque, engine power, and thermal efficiency of the ternary fuel blends was reduced by 2.45%, 9.25%, 2.35% averagely in comparison with the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The average break specific fuel consumption was also increased by 10.44% compared to the neat petro-diesel. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and nitrogen oxides (NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>) was also measured. It was also found that the utilization of ternary fuel blends results in a considerable reduction in CO and UHC emission by 50.55% and 43.87% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The emission of NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> was also increased by 28.25% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel. It was also found that the NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emission can be adjusted by tuning the WFO biodiesel and bioethanol contents of the ternary fuel blends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41280-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T10:03:52Z","timestamp":1693217032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Physical properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of waste fish oil biodiesel\/bioethanol\/diesel fuel blends"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Davood","family":"Tarangan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Sobati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Shahnazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barat","family":"Ghobadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"41280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.049","volume":"48","author":"SA Shahir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shahir, S. A., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Imran, A. & Ashraful, A. M. Performance and emission assessment of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol\/bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 48, 62\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.049 (2015).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"41280_CR2","first-page":"334","volume":"3","author":"GVV Subbaiah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Subbaiah, G. V. V. et al. Rice bran oil biodiesel as an additive in diesel\u2013ethanol blends for diesel engines. Int. J. Recent Res. Appl. Stud. 3, 334\u2013342 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Res. Appl. Stud."},{"key":"41280_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.11.050","volume":"158","author":"O Bahadorizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahadorizadeh, O., Sobati, M. A. & Shahnazari, S. Emission characteristics of a semi-industrial boiler fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel containing different metal oxide nanoparticles. Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. 158, 199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psep.2021.11.050 (2022).","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"41280_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119662","volume":"288","author":"A Khanjani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khanjani, A. & Sobati, M. A. Performance and emission of a diesel engine using different water\/waste fish oil (WFO) biodiesel\/diesel emulsion fuels: Optimization of fuel formulation via response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel 288, 119662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119662 (2021).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2010.527902","volume":"35","author":"B Bazooyar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bazooyar, B. & Shariati, A. A comparison of the emission and thermal capacity of methyl ester of corn oil with diesel in an experimental boiler. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util. Environ. Eff. 35, 1618\u20131628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15567036.2010.527902 (2013).","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recover Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"41280_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.10.083","volume":"103","author":"F Ayd\u0131n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131n, F. & \u00d6\u011f\u00fct, H. Effects of using ethanol\u2013biodiesel\u2013diesel fuel in single cylinder diesel engine to engine performance and emissions. Renew. Energy 103, 688\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2016.10.083 (2017).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2007.11.001","volume":"34","author":"M Balat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balat, M., Balat, H. & \u00d6z, C. Progress in bioethanol processing. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 34, 551\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecs.2007.11.001 (2008).","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"41280_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.072","volume":"128","author":"S Dharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dharma, S., Ong, H. C., Masjuki, H. H., Sebayang, A. H. & Silitonga, A. S. An overview of engine durability and compatibility using biodiesel\u2013bioethanol\u2013diesel blends in compression-ignition engines. Energy Convers. Manag. 128, 66\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.072 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"41280_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.04.031","volume":"34","author":"B Ghobadian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghobadian, B., Yusaf, T., Najafi, G. & Khatamifar, M. Diesterol: An environment-friendly IC engine fuel. Renew. Energy 34, 335\u2013342 (2009).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.02.036","volume":"43","author":"LLN Guarieiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guarieiro, L. L. N., de Souza, A. F., Torres, E. A. & de Andrade, J. B. Emission profile of 18 carbonyl compounds, CO, CO2, and NOx emitted by a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and ternary blends containing diesel, ethanol and biodiesel or vegetable oils. Atmos. Environ. 43, 2754\u20132761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.02.036 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"41280_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2014.889011","volume":"12","author":"T \u00d6zg\u00fcr","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr, T., \u00d6zcanli, M. & Aydin, K. Investigation of nanoparticle additives to biodiesel for improvement of the performance and exhaust emissions in a compression ignition engine. Int. J. Green Energy 12, 51\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15435075.2014.889011 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.07.008","volume":"88","author":"DB Hulwan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hulwan, D. B. & Joshi, S. V. Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel-ethanol\u2013biodiesel blends of high ethanol content. Appl. Energy 88, 5042\u20135055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.07.008 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1021\/ef049865e","volume":"18","author":"S Fernando","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernando, S. & Hanna, M. Development of a novel biofuel blend using ethanol\u2013biodiesel\u2013diesel microemulsions: EB-diesel. Energy Fuels 18, 1695\u20131703 (2004).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"41280_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.03.014","volume":"68","author":"PJ Garc\u00eda-Moreno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno, P. J., Khanum, M., Guadix, A. & Guadix, E. M. Optimization of biodiesel production from waste fish oil. Renew. Energy 68, 618\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2014.03.014 (2014).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2020.100868","volume":"81","author":"AEF Abomohra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abomohra, A. E. F., Elsayed, M., Esakkimuthu, S., El-Sheekh, M. & Hanelt, D. Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 81, 100868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecs.2020.100868 (2020).","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"41280_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-016-0581-z","volume":"39","author":"N Shrivastava","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrivastava, N. Experimental investigation of performance, emission, and noise parameters of water-emulsified Karanja biodiesel: A prospective Indian fuel. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 39, 1009\u20131017 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.11.019","volume":"239","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Effects of low-level water addition on spray, combustion and emission characteristics of a medium speed diesel engine fueled with biodiesel fuel. Fuel 239, 245\u2013262 (2019).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.06.070","volume":"91","author":"LF Ram\u00edrez-Verduzco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Verduzco, L. F., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, J. E. & del Rayo, J.-J. Predicting cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel from its fatty acid methyl ester composition. Fuel 91, 102\u2013111 (2012).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.09.034","volume":"86","author":"P Kwanchareon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kwanchareon, P., Luengnaruemitchai, A. & Jai-In, S. Solubility of a diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blend, its fuel properties, and its emission characteristics from diesel engine. Fuel 86, 1053\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.09.034 (2007).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-023-1757-3","volume":"32","author":"V Sathiyaseelan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sathiyaseelan, V., Lakshmana Gowder, S. & Sathyamurthy, R. Comparative assessment of low-concentration ethanol and waste fish oil biodiesel blends on emission reduction and performance improvement in variable compression ratio engine. J. Therm. Sci. 32, 1306\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11630-023-1757-3 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"41280_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.09.137","volume":"141","author":"A Paul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paul, A., Panua, R. & Debroy, D. An experimental study of combustion, performance, exergy and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled by diesel\u2013ethanol\u2013biodiesel blends. Energy 141, 839\u2013852 (2017).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.08.012","volume":"115","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yilmaz, N., Vigil, F. M., Donaldson, A. B. & Darabseh, T. Investigation of CI engine emissions in biodiesel\u2013ethanol\u2013diesel blends as a function of ethanol concentration. Fuel 115, 790\u2013793 (2014).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, A., Panua, R., Bose, P. K. & Banerjee, R. An experimental study of performance and emission parameters of a compression ignition engine fueled by different blends of diesel\u2013ethanol\u2013biodiesel. In 2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability 786\u2013791 (IEEE, 2013).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEETS.2013.6533485"},{"key":"41280_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.012","volume":"155","author":"SM Krishna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krishna, S. M., Salam, P. A., Tongroon, M. & Chollacoop, N. Performance and emission assessment of optimally blended biodiesel\u2013diesel\u2013ethanol in diesel engine generator. Appl. Therm. Eng. 155, 525\u2013533 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-019-1891-8","author":"\u00dc A\u011fbulut","year":"2019","unstructured":"A\u011fbulut, \u00dc., Sar\u0131demir, S. & Albayrak, S. Experimental investigation of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013alcohol blends. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40430-019-1891-8 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2007.09.029","volume":"99","author":"HM El-Mashad","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Mashad, H. M., Zhang, R. & Avena-Bustillos, R. J. A two-step process for biodiesel production from salmon oil. Biosyst. Eng. 99, 220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2007.09.029 (2008).","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.01.037","volume":"80","author":"AM Ashraful","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ashraful, A. M. et al. Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: A review. Energy Convers. Manag. 80, 202\u2013228 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"41280_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2019.6.1.2","volume":"6","author":"AT Hoang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoang, A. T. & Le, A. T. Trilateral correlation of spray characteristics, combustion parameters, and deposit formation in the injector hole of a diesel engine running on preheated Jatropha oil and fossil diesel fuel. Biofuel Res. J. 6, 909\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18331\/BRJ2019.6.1.2 (2019).","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"41280_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119792","volume":"289","author":"HA Moneib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moneib, H. A., Mahfouz, A., El-Fatih, A. & Emara, A. Near-field spray characterization of a spill return atomizer using a PIV laser sheet. Fuel 289, 119792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119792 (2021).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RENENE.2008.02.020","volume":"33","author":"E Alptekin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alptekin, E. & Canakci, M. Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel\u2013diesel fuel blends. Renew. Energy 33, 2623\u20132630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RENENE.2008.02.020 (2008).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.12.064","volume":"79","author":"G Labeckas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Labeckas, G., Slavinskas, S. & Ma\u017eeika, M. The effect of ethanol-diesel-biodiesel blends on combustion, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manag. 79, 698\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.12.064 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"41280_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2008.05.023","volume":"88","author":"E Alptekin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alptekin, E. & Canakci, M. Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester\u2013diesel fuel blends. Fuel 88, 75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2008.05.023 (2009).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2023.2190329","author":"B Adhithan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adhithan, B. & Sachdeva, G. Analysing the emissions and fuel efficiency of fish-waste biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Int. J. Amb. Energy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01430750.2023.2190329 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Amb. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.22061\/jcarme.2019.4737.1571","volume":"10","author":"DK Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma, D. K. & Verma, T. N. Characteristics of fish oil biodiesel with the impact of diesel fuel addition on a ci engine. J. Comput. Appl. Res. Mech. Eng. 10, 245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22061\/jcarme.2019.4737.1571 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Res. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.04.056","volume":"44","author":"N Mrad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mrad, N., Varuvel, E. G., Tazerout, M. & Aloui, F. Effects of biofuel from fish oil industrial residue\u2013diesel blends in diesel engine. Energy 44, 955\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2012.04.056 (2012).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/231361","author":"R Kwangdinata","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kwangdinata, R., Raya, I. & Zakir, M. Production of biodiesel from lipid of phytoplankton Chaetoceros calcitrans through ultrasonic method. Sci. World J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/231361 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"41280_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RSER.2015.06.031","volume":"51","author":"WNM Wan Ghazali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wan Ghazali, W. N. M., Mamat, R., Masjuki, H. H. & Najafi, G. Effects of biodiesel from different feedstocks on engine performance and emissions: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 51, 585\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RSER.2015.06.031 (2015).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"41280_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.01.023","volume":"51","author":"MJ Hussan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hussan, M. J., Hassan, M. H., Kalam, M. A. & Memon, L. A. Tailoring key fuel properties of dieselebiodieseleethanol blends for diesel engine. J. Clean. Prod. 51, 118\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.01.023 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"41280_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2010.10.020","volume":"90","author":"JHF Boog","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boog, J. H. F., Silveira, E. L. C., De Caland, L. B. & Tubino, M. Determining the residual alcohol in biodiesel through its flash point. Fuel 90, 905\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2010.10.020 (2011).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2012.01.025","volume":"96","author":"NDD Carareto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carareto, N. D. D., Kimura, C. Y. C. S., Oliveira, E. C., Costa, M. C. & Meirelles, A. J. A. Flash points of mixtures containing ethyl esters or ethylic biodiesel and ethanol. Fuel 96, 319\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2012.01.025 (2012).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.05.003","volume":"101","author":"M \u010cernoch","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u010cernoch, M., H\u00e1jek, M. & Skopal, F. Relationships among flash point, carbon residue, viscosity and some impurities in biodiesel after ethanolysis of rapeseed oil. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 7397\u20137401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.05.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"41280_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24084\/repqj11.411","author":"LE Oliveira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira, L. E. & Da Silva, M. L. Comparative study of calorific value of rapeseed, soybean, jatropha curcas and crambe biodiesel. Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24084\/repqj11.411 (2013).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy Power Qual. J."},{"key":"41280_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2013.832440","volume":"38","author":"W Bizzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bizzo, W. & Moretti, R. R. The effects of blending diesel, ethanol, and biodiesel. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util. Environ. Eff. 38, 2111\u20132118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15567036.2013.832440 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recover Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"41280_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.029","volume":"32","author":"SA Shahir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahir, S. A. et al. Feasibility of diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013ethanol\/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel: An assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32, 379\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.029 (2014).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"41280_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.09.045","volume":"101","author":"A Gharehghani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gharehghani, A., Mirsalim, M. & Hosseini, R. Effects of waste fish oil biodiesel on diesel engine combustion characteristics and emission. Renew. Energy 101, 930\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2016.09.045 (2017).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.09.039","volume":"109","author":"AB Koc","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koc, A. B. & Abdullah, M. Performance and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel-water nanoemulsions. Fuel Process. Technol. 109, 70\u201377 (2013).","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"41280_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2019.1619568","volume":"16","author":"J Jannatkhah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jannatkhah, J., Najafi, B. & Ghaebi, H. Energy-exergy analysis of compression ignition engine running with biodiesel fuel extracted from four different oil-basis materials. Int. J. Green Energy 16, 749\u2013762 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-114X(199805)22:6<483::AID-ER377>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"22","author":"AA Abdel-Rahman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman, A. A. On the emissions from internal-combustion engines: A review. Int. J. Energy Res. 22, 483\u2013513 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"41280_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(99)00048-3","volume":"17","author":"EA Ajav","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ajav, E. A., Singh, B. & Bhattacharya, T. K. Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol\u2013diesel blends as fuel. Biomass Bioenergy 17, 357\u2013365 (1999).","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"41280_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2013.01.042","volume":"54","author":"Q Fang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fang, Q., Fang, J., Zhuang, J. & Huang, Z. Effects of ethanol\u2013diesel\u2013biodiesel blends on combustion and emissions in premixed low temperature combustion. Appl. Therm. Eng. 54, 541\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2013.01.042 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2011.01.024","volume":"90","author":"L Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Cheung, C. S., Zhang, W. G. & Huang, Z. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with ethanol\u2013biodiesel blends. Fuel 90, 1743\u20131750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2011.01.024 (2011).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR52","first-page":"147","volume":"6","author":"M Al-Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Hassan, M., Mujafet, H. & Al-Shannag, M. An experimental study on the solubility of a diesel\u2013ethanol blend and on the performance of a diesel engine fueled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013ethanol blends. Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng. 6, 147\u2013153 (2012).","journal-title":"Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"41280_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.04.0100","volume":"12","author":"TJ Pilusa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pilusa, T. J., Mollagee, M. M. & Muzenda, E. Reduction of vehicle exhaust emissions from diesel engines using the whale concept filter. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12, 994\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2012.04.0100 (2012).","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"41280_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2004.07.010","volume":"30","author":"DG Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, D. G., Zhen, H., Xingcai, L., Wu-Gao, Z. & Jian-Guang, Y. Physico-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and its effect on performance and emissions of diesel engines. Renew. Energy 30, 967\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2004.07.010 (2005).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2005.03.001","volume":"84","author":"X Shi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shi, X. et al. Emission characteristics using methyl soyate\u2013ethanol\u2013diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine. Fuel 84, 1543\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2005.03.001 (2005).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"41280_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/15435070802701819","volume":"6","author":"K Cheenkachorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheenkachorn, K. & Fungtammasan, B. Biodiesel as an additive for diesohol. Int. J. Green Energy 6, 57\u201372 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.05.050","volume":"99","author":"SH Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park, S. H., Cha, J. & Lee, C. S. Impact of biodiesel in bioethanol blended diesel on the engine performance and emissions characteristics in compression ignition engine. Appl. Energy 99, 334\u2013343 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"41280_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1021\/ef500001g","volume":"28","author":"B Bazooyar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bazooyar, B., Ebrahimzadeh, E., Jomekian, A. & Shariati, A. NOx formation of biodiesel in utility power plant boilers. Part A: Influence of fuel characteristics. Energy Fuels 28, 3778\u20133792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ef500001g (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"41280_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, H. P., Strank, S., Werst, M., Hebner, R. & Osara, J. Combustion emissions modeling and testing of neat biodiesel fuels. In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability ES, Vol. 1, 131\u2013140 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/ES2010-90038.","DOI":"10.1115\/ES2010-90038"},{"key":"41280_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2017.07.010","volume":"27","author":"K Kara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kara, K. et al. Biodiesel production from waste fish oil with high free fatty acid content from Moroccan fish-processing industries. Egypt J. Pet. 27, 249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpe.2017.07.010 (2018).","journal-title":"Egypt J. Pet."},{"key":"41280_CR61","unstructured":"International Renewable Energy Agency. Road transport: The cost of renewable solutions. Int. Renew. Energy Agency 80 (2013)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-41280-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-41280-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-41280-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T08:12:58Z","timestamp":1700295178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-41280-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["41280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41280-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14024"}}