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The INM-based cortical heating has been proven as an effective modality to induce changes in neuronal activities. In this paper, we investigate the effect of INM-based cortical heating on the characteristics of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) induced by penicillin in anesthetized rats. Cortical heating was conducted using a NIR laser light guided through a needle-like silicon-based waveguide probe. We detected penicillin-induced cortical IEDs from preprocessed micro-electrocorticography (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mu$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>ECoG) recordings, then we assessed changes in various temporal and spectral features of IEDs due to INM. Our findings show that the fast cortical heating phase obtained with continuous-wave NIR light is highly associated with a reduction of IED amplitudes, small but significant changes in the negative amplitude of IEDs compared with the baseline, and a proportional increase in the power of frequency bands related to delta\/theta (2\u20138\u00a0Hz) and gamma (28\u201380\u00a0Hz) oscillations. Furthermore, a low rate of cortical heating with pulsed NIR illumination has a more inhibitory impact on the sharp negative polarity of IEDs. Our findings do not indicate a clear reduction in the frequency of IEDs in anesthetized rodents. In contrast, 2\u20134\u00a0min of continuous laser illumination leads to a notable increase in IED frequency. This effect of INM could potentially restrict its use in therapeutic applications related to epilepsy. However, the thermal effect of INM on cortical neurons induces changes in other characteristics of IEDs, which could prove beneficial for future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41552-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T11:01:46Z","timestamp":1693652506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Thermal neuromodulation using pulsed and continuous infrared illumination in a penicillin-induced acute epilepsy model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Ismaiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rich\u00e1rd","family":"Fi\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1goston Csaba","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6718-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"41552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x","volume":"46","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fisher, R. 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