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However, it is unclear whether sex influences neuromuscular control. The objective was to investigate differences in neuromuscular control regarding sex and treatment type one year after ACL rupture in comparison to a group with an intact ACL (ACL-I). Electromyography of vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) was recorded in ACL-R (N\u2009=\u200938), ACL-C (N\u2009=\u200926), and ACL-I (N\u2009=\u200938) during stair descent and reflex activity by anterior tibial translation while standing. The movements of stair descent were divided into pre-activity, weight-acceptance and push-off phases, reflex activity in pre-activation, short, medium (MLR), and long latency responses (LLR). Normalized root mean squares for each muscle of involved and matched control limb per phase were calculated and analyzed with two-way ANOVA (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). During stair descent, neuromuscular differences of BF were significant during push-off only (p\u2009=\u20090.001). Males of ACL-R and ACL-C had higher BF activity compared to ACL-I (p\u2009=\u20090.009, 0.007 respectively). During reflex activity, VM and BF were significantly different between treatment groups for pre-activation (p\u2009=\u20090.013, 0.035 respectively). VM pre-activation of females was higher in ACL-R compared to ACL-C (p\u2009=\u20090.018), and lower in ACL-C compared to ACL-I (p\u2009=\u20090.034). Males of ACL-R showed higher VM and less BF pre-activation (p\u2009=\u20090.025, p\u2009=\u20090.003 respectively) compared to ACL-I. Males of ACL-C had less BF pre-activation compared to ACL-I (p\u2009=\u20090.019). During MLR, intra-group differences in ST were found for treatment (p\u2009=\u20090.011) and females of ACL-R compared to ACL-I (p\u2009=\u20090.015). During LLR, overall intra-group differences in VM were present for treatment (p\u2009=\u20090.034) and in females (ACL-R versus ACL-C (p\u2009=\u20090.015), ACL-I (p\u2009=\u20090.049), respectively). One year after an ACL rupture, neuromuscular alterations persist regardless of treatment and sex. Standard rehabilitation protocols may not be able to restore neuromuscular control. Future research should include long-term follow up and focus on exercises targeting neuromuscular function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42491-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T13:01:57Z","timestamp":1694782917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neuromuscular control in males and females 1\u00a0year after an anterior cruciate ligament rupture or reconstruction during stair descent and artificial tibial translation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Blasimann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aglaja","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Henle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Vissers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"42491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.11.620","volume":"31","author":"MA Risberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Risberg, M. 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