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In this regard, a new nanocomposite ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO) was synthesized composed of quaternary ammonium bromide salt of iron\n                    <jats:sup>III<\/jats:sup>\n                    -substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalate immobilized on nickel(II) oxide nanoceramics via sol\u2013gel method. The assembled (n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO nanocomposite was identified by FT-IR, UV\u2013Vis, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA-DTG methods. The characterization results exhibited that ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] dispersed uniformly over the surface of the NiO nanoceramics. The ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO nanocomposite was employed as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst in the extractive coupled oxidation desulfurization (ECOD) of real gas oil and dibenzothiophene (DBT) as a model compound. Under relatively moderate conditions, the catalytic performance of the ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO in the ECOD procedure was studied by incorporating acetic acid\/hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant system at a volume ratio of 1:2. According to the ECOD results, the ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO demonstrated the effectiveness of up to 95% with 0.1\u00a0g at 60\u00a0\u00b0C under optimal operating conditions. Moreover, the ((n-C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    N)\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H[PW\n                    <jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>\n                    FeO\n                    <jats:sub>39<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]@NiO nanocatalyst could be separated and reused for five runs without a noticeable decrease in the ECOD process. This study provides a promising way to meet the target of ultra-low sulfur as an essential process in oil refineries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42545-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:47:06Z","timestamp":1694688426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Deep oxidative desulfurization of gas oil by iron(III)-substituted polyoxometalate immobilized on nickel(II) oxide, ((n-C4H9)4N)4H[PW11FeO39]@NiO, as an efficient nanocatalyst"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Rezvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolsom","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi Hassani","family":"Ardeshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masomeh","family":"Aghmasheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"42545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.202000254","volume":"2020","author":"C Simms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simms, C., Kondinski, A. & Parac-Vogt, T. 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