{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:20:45Z","timestamp":1792254045600,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the stress distribution and risk of fracture of a non-vital immature maxillary central incisor subjected to various clinical procedures using finite element analysis (FEA). A three-dimensional model of an immature central incisor was developed, from which six main models were designed: untreated immature tooth (C), standard apical plug (AP), resin composite (RC), glass-fibre post (GFP), regeneration procedure (RET), and regeneration with induced root maturation (RRM). Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or Biodentine<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>were used as an apical or coronal plug. All models simulated masticatory forces in a quasi\u2013static approach with an oblique force of 240 Newton at a 120\u00b0 to the longitudinal tooth axis. The maximum principal stress, maximum shear stress, risk of fracture, and the strengthening percentage were evaluated. The mean maximum principal stress values were highest in model C [90.3\u00a0MPa (SD\u2009=\u20094.4)] and lowest in the GFP models treated with either MTA and Biodentine<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; 64.1 (SD\u2009=\u20091.7) and 64.0 (SD\u2009=\u20091.6) MPa, respectively. Regarding the shear stress values, the dentine tooth structure in model C [14.4\u00a0MPa (SD\u2009=\u20090.8)] and GFP models [15.4\u00a0MPa (SD\u2009=\u20091.1)] reported significantly higher maximum shear stress values compared to other tested models (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while no significant differences were reported between the other models (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). No significant differences between MTA and Biodentine<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>regarding maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress values for each tested model (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). A maximum strain value of 4.07E\u221203 and maximum displacement magnitude of 0.128\u00a0mm was recorded in model C. In terms of strengthening percentage, the GFP models were associated with the highest increase (22%). The use of a GFP improved the biomechanical performance and resulted in a lower risk of fracture of a non-vital immature maxillary central incisor in a FEA model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44609-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T09:01:22Z","timestamp":1697360482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of biomechanical behavior of immature non-vital incisors with various treatment modalities by means of three-dimensional quasi\u2013static finite element analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Layla","family":"Hassouneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Matoug-Elwerfelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Al-Omari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateshbabu","family":"Nagendrababu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"44609_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-017-0289-5","volume":"18","author":"M Duggal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duggal, M. et al. Interventions for the endodontic management of non-vital traumatised immature permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the evidence and guidelines of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 18, 139\u2013151 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR2","first-page":"27","volume":"23","author":"M Cvek","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cvek, M. Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. I. Follow-up of periapical repair and apical closure of immature roots. Odontol. Revy. 23, 27\u201344 (1972).","journal-title":"Odontol. Revy."},{"key":"44609_CR3","first-page":"313","volume":"54","author":"M Trope","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trope, M. Treatment of the immature tooth with a non-vital pulp and apical periodontitis. Dent. Clin. 54, 313\u2013324 (2010).","journal-title":"Dent. Clin."},{"key":"44609_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-016-0265-5","volume":"18","author":"H Nazzal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nazzal, H. & Duggal, M. S. Regenerative endodontics: A true paradigm shift or a bandwagon about to be derailed?. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 18, 3\u201315 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR5","first-page":"355","volume":"14","author":"AS Fernandes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fernandes, A. S. & Dessai, G. S. Factors affecting the fracture resistance of post-core reconstructed teeth: A review. Int. J. Prosthodont. 14, 355\u2013363 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"44609_CR6","first-page":"131","volume":"60","author":"B Duret","year":"1990","unstructured":"Duret, B. New concept of coronoradicular reconstruction, the composipost (1). Chir. Dent. Fr. 60, 131\u2013141 (1990).","journal-title":"Chir. Dent. Fr."},{"key":"44609_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.06.029","volume":"43","author":"M Torabinejad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torabinejad, M., Nosrat, A., Verma, P. & Udochukwu, O. Regenerative endodontic treatment or mineral trioxide aggregate apical plug in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Endod. 43, 1806\u20131820 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030410","volume":"9","author":"YA Tolibah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tolibah, Y. A., Kouchaji, C., Lazkani, T., Ahmad, I. A. & Baghdadi, Z. D. Comparison of MTA versus Biodentine in apexification procedure for nonvital immature first permanent molars: A randomized clinical trial. Children 9, 410 (2022).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"44609_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12954","volume":"51","author":"SG Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, S. G., Malek, M., Sigurdsson, A., Lin, L. M. & Kahler, B. Regenerative endodontics: A comprehensive review. Int. Endod. J. 51, 1367\u20131388 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12882","volume":"51","author":"M Matoug-Elwerfelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matoug-Elwerfelli, M., Duggal, M. S., Nazzal, H., Esteves, F. & Ra\u00eff, E. A biocompatible decellularized pulp scaffold for regenerative endodontics. Int. Endod. J. 51, 663\u2013673 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v041a51","volume":"41","author":"M Matoug-Elwerfelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matoug-Elwerfelli, M., Nazzal, H., Duggal, M. & El-Gendy, R. What the future holds for regenerative endodontics: Novel antimicrobials and regenerative strategies. Eur. Cell. Mater. 41, 811\u2013833 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"N Meschi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meschi, N., Palma, P. J. & Cabanillas-Balsera, D. Effectiveness of revitalization in treating apical periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Endod. J. 20, 1\u201323 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671498","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1671498","volume":"2018","author":"SB Haralur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haralur, S. B., Al Ahmari, M. A., AlQarni, S. A. & Althobati, M. K. The effect of intraradicular multiple fiber and cast posts on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with wide root canals. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018, 1671498 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"44609_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2022.06.007","volume":"48","author":"JM Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos, J. M. et al. Long-term outcome of nonvital immature permanent teeth treated with apexification and corono-radicular adhesive restoration: A case series. J. Endod. 48, 1191\u20131199 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.10.009","volume":"47","author":"T Linnemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Linnemann, T. et al. Longevity and risk factors of post restorations after up to 15 years: A practice-based study. J. Endod. 47, 577\u2013584 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04148-4","volume":"26","author":"TDSA Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos, T. D. S. A. et al. Fracture resistance and stress distribution of weakened teeth reinforced with a bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post. Clin. Oral Investig. 26, 1725\u20131735 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"44609_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103750","volume":"112","author":"MD Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins, M. D. et al. Is a fiber post better than a metal post for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 112, 103750 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106675","volume":"216","author":"VP Mathur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathur, V. P. et al. Reporting guidelines for in-silico studies using finite element analysis in medicine (RIFEM). Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 216, 106675 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"44609_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.08.037","volume":"44","author":"S Belli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belli, S., Eraslan, O. & Eskita\u015fc\u0131o\u011flu, G. Effect of different treatment options on biomechanics of immature teeth: A finite element stress analysis study. J. Endod. 44, 475\u2013479 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13159","volume":"52","author":"C Bucchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bucchi, C., Marc\u00e9-Nogu\u00e9, J., Galler, K. M. & Widbiller, M. Biomechanical performance of an immature maxillary central incisor after revitalization: A finite element analysis. Int. Endod. J. 52, 1508\u20131518 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16480-0","volume":"12","author":"T Maravi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maravi\u0107, T. et al. Finite element and in vitro study on biomechanical behavior of endodontically treated premolars restored with direct or indirect composite restorations. Sci. Rep. 12, 12671 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"44609_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1985.tb00571.x","volume":"1","author":"M Trope","year":"1985","unstructured":"Trope, M., Maltz, D. O. & Tronstad, L. Resistance to fracture of restored endodontically treated teeth. Dent. Traumatol. 1, 108\u2013111 (1985).","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"44609_CR23","first-page":"476","volume":"17","author":"WA Fokkinga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fokkinga, W. A., Kreulen, C. M., Vallittu, P. K. & Creugers, N. H. A structured analysis of in vitro failure loads and failure modes of fiber, metal, and ceramic post-and-core systems. Int. J. Prosthodont. 17, 476\u2013482 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"44609_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2002.123227","volume":"87","author":"B Akkayan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akkayan, B. & G\u00fclmez, T. Resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth restored with different post systems. J. Prosthet. Dent. 87, 431\u2013437 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2005.07.003","volume":"94","author":"E Asmussen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Asmussen, E., Peutzfeldt, A. & Sahafi, A. Finite element analysis of stresses in endodontically treated, dowel-restored teeth. J. Prosthet. Dent. 94, 321\u2013329 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-10-44","volume":"10","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Iserte-Vilar, J. L. & Gonz\u00e1lez-Lluch, C. Interpreting finite element results for brittle materials in endodontic restorations. Biomed. Eng. Online. 10, 1\u201316 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online."},{"key":"44609_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00321.x","volume":"4","author":"A Tamse","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tamse, A. Iatrogenic vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth. Dent. Traumatol. 4, 190\u2013196 (1988).","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"44609_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S212","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_132_22","volume":"13","author":"T Jeyashree","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeyashree, T., Gurunathan, D. & Padmapriya, S. Association of malocclusion and trauma in children: A retrospective study. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 13, S212 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"44609_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.03.013","volume":"23","author":"P Magne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magne, P. Efficient 3D finite element analysis of dental restorative procedures using micro-CT data. Dent. Mater. 23, 539\u2013548 (2007).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104892","volume":"125","author":"B Babaei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babaei, B. et al. The effect of dental restoration geometry and material properties on biomechanical behaviour of a treated molar tooth: A 3D finite element analysis. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 125, 104892 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12018","volume":"58","author":"S Sathapana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sathapana, S., Forrest, A., Monsour, P. & Naser-ud-Din, S. Age-related changes in maxillary and mandibular cortical bone thickness in relation to temporary anchorage device placement. Aust. Dent. J. 58, 67\u201374 (2013).","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"44609_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-015-1987-9","volume":"36","author":"X Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, X., An, B. & Zhang, D. Determination of elastic and plastic mechanical properties of dentin based on experimental and numerical studies. Appl. Math. Mech. 36, 1347\u20131358 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"44609_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2019.1570170","volume":"60","author":"M Semaan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Semaan, M., Karam, E., Baron, C. & Pithioux, M. Estimation of the elastic modulus of child cortical bone specimens via microindentation. Connect. Tissue Res. 60, 399\u2013405 (2019).","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"44609_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105356","volume":"190","author":"A Eram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eram, A. et al. Finite element analysis of immature teeth filled with MTA, biodentine and bioaggregate. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 190, 105356 (2020).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"44609_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03953-1","volume":"25","author":"P Anthrayose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anthrayose, P., Nawal, R. R., Yadav, S., Talwar, S. & Yadav, S. Effect of revascularisation and apexification procedures on biomechanical behaviour of immature maxillary central incisor teeth: A three-dimensional finite element analysis study. Clin. Oral Investig. 25, 6671\u20136679 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"44609_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2019.1570822","volume":"5","author":"MRW Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali, M. R. W., Mustafa, M., B\u00e5rdsen, A. & Bletsa, A. Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth treated with a regenerative endodontic protocol. Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand. 5, 30\u201337 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"44609_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03014-8","volume":"24","author":"A Elnaghy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elnaghy, A. & Elsaka, S. Fracture resistance of simulated immature roots using Biodentine and fiber post compared with different canal-filling materials under aging conditions. Clin. Oral Investig. 24, 1333\u20131338 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"44609_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.06.015","volume":"46","author":"I Mello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mello, I., Michaud, P.-L. & Butt, Z. Fracture resistance of immature teeth submitted to different endodontic procedures and restorative protocols. J. Endod. 46, 1465\u20131469 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301014","volume":"83","author":"P Miguez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miguez, P., Pereira, P., Atsawasuwan, P. & Yamauchi, M. Collagen cross-linking and ultimate tensile strength in dentin. J. Dent. Res. 83, 807\u2013810 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"44609_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345580370041301","volume":"37","author":"R Craig","year":"1958","unstructured":"Craig, R. & Peyton, F. The microhardness of enamel and dentin. J. Dent. Res. 37, 661\u2013668 (1958).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"44609_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.11.020","volume":"67","author":"A Nikolaus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nikolaus, A., Currey, J. D., Lindtner, T., Fleck, C. & Zaslansky, P. Importance of the variable periodontal ligament geometry for whole tooth mechanical function: A validated numerical study. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 67, 61\u201373 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.04.006","volume":"24","author":"ND Ruse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruse, N. D. Propagation of erroneous data for the modulus of elasticity of periodontal ligament and gutta percha in FEM\/FEA papers: A story of broken links. Dent. Mater. 24, 1717\u20131719 (2008).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.11.034","volume":"22","author":"F Zarone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zarone, F. et al. Evaluation of the biomechanical behavior of maxillary central incisors restored by means of endocrowns compared to a natural tooth: A 3D static linear finite elements analysis. Dent. Mater. 22, 1035\u20131044 (2006).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00327-5","volume":"36","author":"B Kahler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kahler, B., Swain, M. V. & Moule, A. Fracture-toughening mechanisms responsible for differences in work to fracture of hydrated and dehydrated dentine. J. Biomech. 36, 229\u2013237 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"44609_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12241","volume":"47","author":"M Brito-J\u00fanior","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brito-J\u00fanior, M. et al. Fracture resistance and stress distribution of simulated immature teeth after apexification with mineral trioxide aggregate. Int. Endod. J. 47, 958\u2013966 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.07.001","volume":"37","author":"SJ Schmoldt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmoldt, S. J., Kirkpatrick, T. C., Rutledge, R. E. & Yaccino, J. M. Reinforcement of simulated immature roots restored with composite resin, mineral trioxide aggregate, gutta-percha, or a fiber post after thermocycling. J. Endod. 37, 1390\u20131393 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.09.008","volume":"44","author":"D Jamshidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jamshidi, D. et al. Impact and fracture strength of simulated immature teeth treated with mineral trioxide aggregate apical plug and fiber post versus revascularization. J. Endod. 44, 1878\u20131882 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12338","volume":"33","author":"M Altaii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altaii, M., Richards, L. & Rossi-Fedele, G. Histological assessment of regenerative endodontic treatment in animal studies with different scaffolds: A systematic review. Dent. Traumatol. 33, 235\u2013244 (2017).","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"44609_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12169","volume":"31","author":"TMA Saoud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saoud, T. M. A. et al. Histological observations of pulpal replacement tissue in immature dog teeth after revascularization of infected pulps. Dent. Traumatol. 31, 243\u2013249 (2015).","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"44609_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.08.023","volume":"39","author":"JE Gomes-Filho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomes-Filho, J. E. et al. Histologic characterization of engineered tissues in the canal space of closed-apex teeth with apical periodontitis. J. Endod. 39, 1549\u20131556 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.10.027","volume":"40","author":"MM Nagy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagy, M. M., Tawfik, H. E., Hashem, A. A. R. & Abu-Seida, A. M. Regenerative potential of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps after different regenerative protocols. J. Endod. 40, 192\u2013198 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.04.011","volume":"43","author":"X Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Liu, H. & Peng, C. Clinical and radiographic assessment of the efficacy of a collagen membrane in regenerative endodontics: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. J. Endod. 43, 1465\u20131471 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.02.002","volume":"45","author":"AT Ulusoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulusoy, A. T., Turedi, I., Cimen, M. & Cehreli, Z. C. Evaluation of blood clot, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and platelet pellet as scaffolds in regenerative endodontic treatment: A prospective randomized trial. J. Endod. 45, 560\u2013566 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"44609_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(01)00077-X","volume":"18","author":"N Konishi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Konishi, N. et al. Dentin shear strength: Effect of distance from the pulp. Dent. Mater. 18, 516\u2013520 (2002).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR55","first-page":"123","volume":"3","author":"E Asmussen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Asmussen, E. & Peutzfeldt, A. The influence of relative humidity on the effect of dentin bonding systems. J. Adhes. Dent. 3, 123\u2013127 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"44609_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.08.106","volume":"36","author":"VP Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson, V. P. The tooth: An analogue for biomimetic materials design and processing. Dent. Mater. 36, 25\u201342 (2020).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153280","volume":"13","author":"R Richert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richert, R. et al. Validated finite element models of premolars: A scoping review. Materials 13, 3280 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"44609_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13722","volume":"55","author":"R Ordinola-Zapata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ordinola-Zapata, R., Lin, F., Nagarkar, S. & Perdig\u00e3o, J. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the load capacity and clinical behaviour of the root filled teeth. Int. Endod. J. 55, 471\u2013494 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094218","volume":"11","author":"MA Neto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neto, M. A. et al. Influence of cavity geometry on the fracture strength of dental restorations: Finite element study. Appl. Sci. 11, 4218 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"44609_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2014.889579","volume":"3","author":"MAA Vasco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasco, M. A. A., Souza, J. T. A. D., Las Casas, E. B. D., de CastroeSilva, A. L. R. & Hecke, M. A. method for constructing teeth and maxillary bone parametric model from clinical CT scans. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis. 3, 117\u2013122 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"44609_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1992.tb00228.x","volume":"8","author":"M Cvek","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cvek, M. Prognosis of luxated non-vital maxillary incisors treated with calcium hydroxide and filled with gutta-percha. A retrospective clinical study. Dent. Traumatol. 8, 45\u201355 (1992).","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"44609_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0607-0","volume":"17","author":"B Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. Tensile testing of the mechanical behavior of the human periodontal ligament. Biomed. Eng. Online. 17, 1\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online."},{"key":"44609_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13013","volume":"52","author":"S Askerbeyli \u00d6rs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Askerbeyli \u00d6rs, S., Aksel, H., K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkaya Eren, S. & Serper, A. Effect of perforation size and furcal lesion on stress distribution in mandibular molars: A finite element analysis. Int. Endod. J. 52, 377\u2013384 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"44609_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.03.014","volume":"33","author":"P Ausiello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ausiello, P. et al. Mechanical behavior of bulk direct composite versus block composite and lithium disilicate indirect Class II restorations by CAD-FEM modeling. Dent. Mater. 33, 690\u2013701 (2017).","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"44609_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(96)00106-9","volume":"42","author":"J Paphangkorakit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paphangkorakit, J. & Osborn, J. The effect of pressure on a maximum incisal bite force in man. Arch. Oral Biol. 42, 11\u201317 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"44609_CR66","first-page":"128","volume":"47","author":"TE Christie","year":"1977","unstructured":"Christie, T. E. Cephalometric patterns of adults with normal occlusion. Angle Orthod. 47, 128\u2013135 (1977).","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"44609_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-012-0281-7","volume":"45","author":"JF Labuz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Labuz, J. F. & Zang, A. Mohr\u2013Coulomb failure criterion. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45, 975\u2013979 (2012).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-44609-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-44609-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-44609-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T21:33:44Z","timestamp":1730324024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-44609-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-44609-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17491"}}