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Rots)"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme","award":["ERC FP7\/2007\u20132013, ERC Grant Agreement No. 312283, EVO- HAFT, V. Rots)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC FP7\/2007\u20132013, ERC Grant Agreement No. 312283, EVO- HAFT, V. Rots)"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme","award":["ERC FP7\/2007\u20132013, ERC Grant Agreement No. 312283, EVO- HAFT, V. Rots)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC FP7\/2007\u20132013, ERC Grant Agreement No. 312283, EVO- HAFT, V. Rots)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FNRS\/PDR\/T021520F (V. Rots)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNRS\/PDR\/T021520F (V. 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Rots)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The emergence of hunting technology in the deep past fundamentally shaped the subsistence strategies of early human populations. Hence knowing when different weapons were first introduced is important for understanding our evolutionary trajectory. The timing of the adoption of long-range weaponry remains heavily debated because preserved organic weapon components are extremely rare in the Paleolithic record and stone points are difficult to attribute reliably to weapon delivery methods without supporting organic evidence. Here, we use a refined use-wear approach to demonstrate that spearthrower was used for launching projectiles armed with tanged flint points at Maisi\u00e8res-Canal (Belgium) 31,000\u00a0years ago. The novelty of our approach lies in the combination of impact fracture data with terminal ballistic analysis of the mechanical stress suffered by a stone armature on impact. This stress is distinct for each weapon and visible archaeologically as fracture proportions on assemblage scale. Our reference dataset derives from a sequential experimental program that addressed individually each key parameter affecting fracture formation and successfully reproduced the archaeological fracture signal. The close match between the archaeological sample and the experimental spearthrower set extends the timeline of spearthrower use by over 10,000\u00a0years and represents the earliest reliable trace-based evidence for the utilization of long-distance weaponry in prehistoric hunting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45554-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T13:02:23Z","timestamp":1698238943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Terminal ballistic analysis of impact fractures reveals the use of spearthrower 31 ky ago at Maisi\u00e8res-Canal, Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Coppe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noora","family":"Taipale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Rots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"45554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00010343","volume":"43","author":"KP Oakley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Oakley, K. P., Andrews, P., Keeley, L. H. & Clark, J. D. A reappraisal of the clacton spearpoint. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 43, 13\u201330 (1977).","journal-title":"Proc. Prehist. Soc."},{"key":"45554_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5334\/oq.85","volume":"6","author":"A Milks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milks, A. A review of ethnographic use of wooden spears and implications for Pleistocene hominin hunting. Open Quaternary 6, 1\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Quaternary"},{"key":"45554_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/385807a0","volume":"385","author":"H Thieme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thieme, H. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807\u2013810 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"45554_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.08.004","volume":"89","author":"WH Schoch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoch, W. 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