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Attenuating neuroinflammation, which is a key feature of TBI, is important for long-term prognosis of its patients. Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, has shown promise in reducing excessive inflammation in other neurologic disorders. However, its effectiveness in TBI remains ambiguous. Thus, our study aimed to investigate whether early administration of baclofen could elicit potential therapeutic effects by diminishing exaggerated neuroinflammation in TBI mice. In this study, 80 C57BL\/6 mice were used, of which 69 mice received controlled cortical impact. The mice were divided into six groups (11\u201316 mice each). Baclofen, administered at dose of 0.05, 0.2 and 1\u00a0mg\/kg, was injected intraperitoneally a day after TBI for 3 consecutive weeks. 3\u00a0weeks after completing the treatments, the mice were assessed histologically. The results showed that mice treated with baclofen exhibited a significantly lower volume of lesion tissue than TBI mice with normal saline. Baclofen also reduced activated glial cells with neurotoxic immune molecules and inhibited apoptotic cells. Significant recovery was observed and sustained for 6\u00a0weeks at the 0.2\u00a0mg\/kg dose in the modified neurological severity score. Furthermore, memory impairment was recovered with low-doses of baclofen in the Y-maze. Our findings demonstrate that early administration of low dose baclofen can regulate neuroinflammation, prevent cell death, and improve TBI motor and cognitive abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45600-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T11:02:28Z","timestamp":1698663748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-term results on the suppression of secondary brain injury by early administered low-dose baclofen in a traumatic brain injury mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Goo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won Seok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"45600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem131","volume":"99","author":"C Werner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Werner, C. & Engelhard, K. 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