{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:45:01Z","timestamp":1788385501734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A2B3005912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A2B3005912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2B5B02087294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2B5B02087294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Some individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, have neuropsychiatric and physical problems that last longer than a few months. Symptoms following mTBI are not only impacted by the kind and severity of the injury but also by the post-injury experience and the individual's responses to it, making the persistence of mTBI particularly difficult to predict. We aimed to identify prognostic blood-based protein biomarkers predicting 6-month outcomes, in light of the clinical course after the injury, in a longitudinal mTBI cohort (N\u2009=\u200942). Among 420 target proteins quantified by multiple-reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry assays of blood samples, 31, 43, and 15 proteins were significantly associated with the poor recovery of neuropsychological symptoms at\u2009&lt;\u200972\u00a0h, 1\u00a0week, and 1\u00a0month after the injury, respectively. Sequential associations among clinical assessments (depressive symptoms and cognitive function) affecting the 6-month outcomes were evaluated. Then, candidate biomarker proteins indirectly affecting the outcome via neuropsychological symptoms were identified. Using the identified proteins, prognostic models that can predict the 6-month outcome of mTBI were developed. These protein biomarkers established in the context of the clinical course of mTBI may have potential for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45965-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1699873329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proteomic discovery of prognostic protein biomarkers for persisting problems after mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Min-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsoo","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Haeng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Jung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Gil","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Mo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"45965_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"130","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewan, M. C. et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 130, 1\u201318 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"45965_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple cause of death 1999\u20132019 on CDC wonder online database, released in 2020. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/wonder\/help\/mcd.html (2020)."},{"key":"45965_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000090","volume":"30","author":"JP Cuthbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuthbert, J. P. et al. Unemployment in the United States after traumatic brain injury for working-age individuals: Prevalence and associated factors 2 years postinjury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 30, 160\u2013174 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"45965_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00002-2","volume":"14","author":"HS Levin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levin, H. S. & Diaz-Arrastia, R. R. Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol. 14, 506\u2013517 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023859","volume":"43","author":"LJ Carroll","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carroll, L. J. et al. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Rehabil. Med. 43, 84\u2013105 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"45965_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5257","volume":"35","author":"DC Voormolen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Voormolen, D. C. et al. Divergent classification methods of post-concussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury: Prevalence rates, risk factors, and functional outcome. J. Neurotrauma 35, 1233\u20131241 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0116","volume":"38","author":"A Mikoli\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mikoli\u0107, A. et al. Prediction of global functional outcome and post-concussive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: External validation of prognostic models in the collaborative European NeuroTrauma effectiveness research in traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI) study. J. Neurotrauma 38, 196\u2013209 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1035325","volume":"29","author":"JA Grubenhoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grubenhoff, J. A., Deakyne, S. J., Comstock, R. D., Kirkwood, M. W. & Bajaj, L. Outpatient follow-up and return to school after emergency department evaluation among children with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Brain Inj. 29, 1186\u20131191 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"45965_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200607000-00004","volume":"21","author":"RP Berger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berger, R. P. The use of serum biomarkers to predict outcome after traumatic brain injury in adults and children. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 21, 315\u2013333 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"45965_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022580","volume":"25","author":"S Meares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meares, S. et al. The prospective course of postconcussion syndrome: The role of mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 25, 454\u2013465 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"45965_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181aea51f","volume":"24","author":"J Sheedy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheedy, J., Harvey, E., Faux, S., Geffen, G. & Shores, E. A. Emergency department assessment of mild traumatic brain injury and the prediction of postconcussive symptoms: A 3-month prospective study. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 24, 333\u2013343 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"45965_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3600","volume":"32","author":"ND Silverberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silverberg, N. D. et al. Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 32, 517\u2013526 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3555","volume":"32","author":"AR Rabinowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabinowitz, A. R. et al. Prevalence and predictors of poor recovery from mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 32, 1488\u20131496 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5182","volume":"38","author":"S Mondello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mondello, S. et al. Blood-based protein biomarkers for the management of traumatic brain injuries in adults presenting to emergency departments with mild brain injury: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurotrauma 38, 1086\u20131106 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0011","volume":"38","author":"SJ McDonald","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonald, S. J., Shultz, S. R. & Agoston, D. V. The known unknowns: An overview of the state of blood-based protein biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 38, 2652\u20132666 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-50","volume":"11","author":"J Und\u00e9n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Und\u00e9n, J., Ingebrigtsen, T., Romner, B., Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC). Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: An evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Med. 11, 50 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"45965_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039","volume":"73","author":"L Papa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papa, L. et al. Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 73, 551\u2013560 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.004","volume":"275","author":"JR Kulbe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulbe, J. R. & Geddes, J. W. Current status of fluid biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. 275, 334\u2013352 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1900","volume":"29","author":"JR Whiteaker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiteaker, J. R. et al. A targeted proteomics\u2013based pipeline for verification of biomarkers in plasma. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 625\u2013634 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"45965_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1296193","volume":"31","author":"ME de Koning","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Koning, M. E. et al. Outpatient follow-up after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the UPFRONT-study. Brain Inj. 31, 1102\u20131108 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"45965_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1253","volume":"45","author":"MP Alexander","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alexander, M. P. Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology 45, 1253\u20131260 (1995).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45965_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17188-2","volume":"364","author":"CRASH Trial Collaborators","year":"2004","unstructured":"CRASH Trial Collaborators. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10 008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364, 1321\u20131328 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"45965_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.09.001","volume":"30","author":"G Barkhoudarian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D. A. & Giza, C. C. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clin. Sports Med. 30, 33\u201348 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"45965_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09536-8","volume":"12","author":"R Romeu-Mejia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romeu-Mejia, R., Giza, C. C. & Goldman, J. T. Concussion pathophysiology and injury biomechanics. Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med. 12, 105\u2013116 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"45965_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.01.009","volume":"38","author":"SH Su","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su, S. H. et al. Elevated C-reactive protein levels may be a predictor of persistent unfavourable symptoms in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Brain Behav. Immun. 38, 111\u2013117 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"45965_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00446","volume":"10","author":"ZS Gan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gan, Z. S. et al. Blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: A quantitative assessment of diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Front. Neurol. 10, 446 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.096149","volume":"125","author":"K Thelen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thelen, K. et al. Translation of the cell adhesion molecule ALCAM in axonal growth cones\u2014regulation and functional importance. J. Cell Sci. 125, 1003\u20131014 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"45965_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x","volume":"167","author":"G Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Kong, R. H., Zhang, L. M. & Zhang, J. N. Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies. Br. J. Pharmacol. 167, 699\u2013719 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"45965_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.FOCUS10183","volume":"29","author":"S Signoretti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Signoretti, S., Vagnozzi, R., Tavazzi, B. & Lazzarino, G. Biochemical and neurochemical sequelae following mild traumatic brain injury: Summary of experimental data and clinical implications. Neurosurg. Focus 29, E1 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"45965_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544237","volume":"35","author":"PM Kochanek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kochanek, P. M. et al. Emerging therapies in traumatic brain injury. Semin. Neurol. 35, 83\u2013100 (2015).","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"issue":"Supplement 4","key":"45965_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505","volume":"75","author":"CC Giza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giza, C. C. & Hovda, D. A. The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery 75(Supplement 4), S24\u2013S33 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"45965_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CNC34","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2016-0016","volume":"2","author":"PJ Ainsley Dean","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ainsley Dean, P. J., Arikan, G., Opitz, B. & Sterr, A. Potential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2, CNC34 (2017).","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"45965_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.011","volume":"275","author":"RC Armstrong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Armstrong, R. C., Mierzwa, A. J., Marion, C. M. & Sullivan, G. M. White matter involvement after TBI: Clues to axon and myelin repair capacity. Exp. Neurol. 275, 328\u2013333 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150215","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150215","volume":"11","author":"AD Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright, A. D. et al. Myelin water fraction is transiently reduced after a single mild traumatic brain injury\u2014a prospective cohort study in collegiate hockey players. PLOS ONE 11, e0150215 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"45965_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184811","volume":"12","author":"T Taib","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taib, T. et al. Neuroinflammation, myelin and behavior: Temporal patterns following mild traumatic brain injury in mice. PLOS ONE 12, e0184811 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"45965_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7254","volume":"38","author":"M Nonaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nonaka, M. et al. Behavioral and myelin-related abnormalities after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurotrauma 38, 1551\u20131571 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00468","volume":"9","author":"AC Raikes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raikes, A. C. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) correlates of self-reported sleep quality and depression following mild traumatic brain injury. Front. Neurol. 9, 468 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000063","volume":"7","author":"H Wake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J. & Nabekura, J. Functions of microglia in the central nervous system\u2013Beyond the immune response. Neuron Glia Biol. 7, 47\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"45965_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01297-1","volume":"9","author":"PS Velayudhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velayudhan, P. S., Schwab, N., Hazrati, L. N. & Wheeler, A. L. Temporal patterns of microglial activation in white matter following experimental mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic literature review. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 9, 197 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"45965_CR40","first-page":"81","volume":"4","author":"D Hernadez-Ontiveros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hernadez-Ontiveros, D. et al. Microglia activation as a biomarker for traumatic brain injury. Front. Neurol. 4, 81 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0069","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Li, D., Zhao, J., Song, J. & Zhao, Y. The role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor\u2013related protein 1 (LRP-1) in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 623\u2013634 (2016).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"45965_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113257","volume":"328","author":"EE Abrahamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrahamson, E. E. & Ikonomovic, M. D. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp. Neurol. 328, 113257 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00196","volume":"13","author":"Z Do\u011fanyi\u011fit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Do\u011fanyi\u011fit, Z. et al. The role of neuroinflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury: A narrative review. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 13, 1835\u20131848 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"45965_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6963","volume":"37","author":"V Chaban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaban, V. et al. Systemic inflammation persists the first year after mild traumatic brain injury: Results from the prospective Trondheim mild traumatic brain injury study. J. Neurotrauma 37, 2120\u20132130 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013001","volume":"98","author":"CC Daisy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daisy, C. C. et al. Proteomic discovery of noninvasive biomarkers associated with sport-related concussions. Neurology 98, e186\u2013e198 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45965_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0587-9","volume":"26","author":"YJ Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y. J. et al. The functional roles of IGF-1 variants in the susceptibility and clinical outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Biomed. Sci. 26, 94 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"45965_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4819","volume":"34","author":"MC Cnossen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cnossen, M. C. et al. Development of a prediction model for post-concussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury: A TRACK-TBI pilot study. J. Neurotrauma 34, 2396\u20132409 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30117-5","volume":"16","author":"J van der Naalt","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Naalt, J. et al. Early predictors of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (UPFRONT): An observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 16, 532\u2013540 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.01.021","volume":"54","author":"Z Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Lv, X. A., Wang, J. W., Chen, Z. P. & Qiu, H. S. Predictive value of early decreased plasma ghrelin level for three-month cognitive deterioration in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Peptides 54, 180\u2013185 (2014).","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"45965_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003912","volume":"88","author":"P Shahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shahim, P., Zetterberg, H., Tegner, Y. & Blennow, K. Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker for mild traumatic brain injury in contact sports. Neurology 88, 1788\u20131794 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45965_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00249","volume":"11","author":"R Siman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siman, R. et al. Serum SNTF, a surrogate marker of axonal injury, is prognostic for lasting brain dysfunction in mild TBI treated in the emergency department. Front. Neurol. 11, 249 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0169","volume":"40","author":"SJ McDonald","year":"2023","unstructured":"McDonald, S. J. et al. Clinical and blood biomarker trajectories after concussion: New insights from a longitudinal Pilot study of professional flat-track jockeys. J. Neurotrauma 40, 52\u201362 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.08.007","volume":"36","author":"SR Conway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conway, S. R. & Wong, H. R. Biomarker panels in critical care. Crit. Care Clin. 36, 89\u2013104 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"45965_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","volume":"12","author":"SE Maxwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maxwell, S. E. & Cole, D. A. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol. Methods 12, 23\u201344 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"45965_CR55","first-page":"257","volume":"58","author":"S Marshall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marshall, S., Bayley, M., McCullagh, S., Velikonja, D. & Berrigan, L. Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms. Can. Fam. Phys. 58, 257\u2013267 (2012).","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"45965_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5486","volume":"35","author":"MC Cnossen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cnossen, M. C. et al. Prediction of persistent post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 35, 2691\u20132698 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR57","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (World Health Organization, 1992)."},{"key":"45965_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001","volume":"14","author":"SP Baker","year":"1974","unstructured":"Baker, S. P., O\u2019Neill, B., Haddon, W. & Long, W. B. The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J. Trauma 14, 187\u2013196 (1974).","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"45965_CR59","first-page":"859","volume":"1996","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Steer, R. A. Beck depression inventory\u2014II. Psychol. Assess. 1996, 859 (1996).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"45965_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 695\u2013699 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"45965_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708316855","volume":"21","author":"JY Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, J. Y. et al. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: Validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 21, 104\u2013110 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julayanont, P. & Nasreddine, Z. S. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): Concept and clinical review. In Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach (ed. Larner, A. J.) 139\u2013195 (Springer International Publishing, 2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44775-9_7"},{"key":"45965_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1542506","volume":"33","author":"LC Frenette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frenette, L. C. et al. Early detection of cognitive impairments with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with uncomplicated and complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 33, 189\u2013197 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"45965_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.639179","volume":"12","author":"AC Gonzalez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzalez, A. C. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of concussion related cognitive impairment. Front. Neurol. 12, 956 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314279","volume":"88","author":"TM McMillan","year":"2017","unstructured":"McMillan, T. M. et al. Long-term health outcomes after exposure to repeated concussion in elite level: Rugby union players. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 88, 505\u2013511 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"45965_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6692","volume":"37","author":"J Stilling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stilling, J. et al. Treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache and post-concussion symptoms using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A pilot, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J. Neurotrauma 37, 312\u2013323 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","volume":"55","author":"B Dubois","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I. & Pillon, B. The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology 55, 1621\u20131626 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45965_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00198","volume":"10","author":"MG de Freitas Cardoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Freitas Cardoso, M. G. et al. Cognitive impairment following acute mild traumatic brain injury. Front. Neurol. 10, 198 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811","volume":"242","author":"NS King","year":"1995","unstructured":"King, N. S., Crawford, S., Wenden, F. J., Moss, N. E. G. & Wade, D. T. The Rivermead post concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J. Neurol. 242, 587\u2013592 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"45965_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.573","volume":"15","author":"JT Wilson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wilson, J. T., Pettigrew, L. E. & Teasdale, G. M. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use. J. Neurotrauma 15, 573\u2013585 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"45965_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2309","volume":"10","author":"MA Gillette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gillette, M. A. & Carr, S. A. Quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins in biomedicine by targeted mass spectrometry. Nat. Methods 10, 28\u201334 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"45965_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq054","volume":"26","author":"B MacLean","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacLean, B. et al. Skyline: An open source document editor for creating and analyzing targeted proteomics experiments. Bioinformatics 26, 966\u2013968 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"45965_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.138420","volume":"56","author":"SE Abbatiello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abbatiello, S. E., Mani, D. R., Keshishian, H. & Carr, S. A. Automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions in peptide quantification by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 56, 291\u2013305 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45965-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45965-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45965-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T12:12:27Z","timestamp":1699877547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45965-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-45965-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3137520\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19786"}}