{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1785015596143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRCT5-RSA63003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RSA63003-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the effects of adding cyanide-utilizing bacteria (CUB) and sulfur on rumen fermentation, the degradation efficiency of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), feed utilization, and blood metabolites in beef cattle fed two levels of fresh cassava root (CR). A 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial arrangement in a 4\u2009\u00d7\u20094 Latin square design was used to distribute four male purebred Thai native beef cattle (2.5\u20133.0\u00a0years old) with an initial body weight (BW) of 235\u2009\u00b1\u200915.0\u00a0kg. Factor A was<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>KKU-BF7 oral direct fed at 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\/ml and 3% dry matter (DM) basis of pure sulfur in concentrate diet. Factor B was the two levels of CR containing HCN at 300 and 600\u00a0mg\/kg on DM basis. There was no interaction effect between CUB and sulfur supplementation with CR on feed utilization (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Similarly, CUB and sulfur supplementation did not affect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) DM intake and apparent nutrient digestibility. However, the high level of CR supplementation increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) feed intake and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. The ruminal pH, microbial population, ammonia\u2013nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen, and blood thiocyanate concentrations were unaffected by the addition of CUB and sulfur at two CR concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The addition of CUB or sulfur had no effect on the efficiency of HCN degradation in the rumen (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). However, cattle given CR with HCN at 600\u00a0mg\/kg DM had considerably higher degradation efficiency than those fed CR containing HCN\u00a0at 300\u00a0mg\/kg DM (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The group fed CUB had a considerably greater CUB population (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than the sulfur group. Cyanide-utilizing bacteria or sulfur supplementation with CR had no interaction effect between total VFAs and their profiles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). However, the study observed a significant positive correlation between the amount of CR\u00a0and the concentration of propionate in the rumen (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The levels of nitrogen absorption and nitrogen retention did not differ significantly among the treatments (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Hence, it may be inferred that the administration of a high concentration of CR at a dosage of 600\u00a0mg\/kg DM HCN could potentially provide advantageous outcomes when animals are subjected to oral CUB incorporation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45993-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:02:15Z","timestamp":1698750135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of cyanide-utilizing bacteria and sulfur on feed utilization, microbiomes, and cyanide degradation in cattle supplemented with fresh cassava root"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Napudsawun","family":"Sombuddee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rittikeard","family":"Prachumchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waroon","family":"Khota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waewaree","family":"Boontiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusorn","family":"Cherdthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"45993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.12.001","volume":"1","author":"M Wanapat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wanapat, M. & Kang, S. Cassava chip (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an energy source for ruminant feeding. Anim. Nutr. 1(4), 266\u2013270 (2015).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"45993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2016.08.010","volume":"2","author":"NK Morgan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morgan, N. K. & Choct, M. Cassava: Nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets. Anim. Nutr. 2(4), 253\u2013261 (2016).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"45993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02999-3","volume":"17","author":"P Sumadong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sumadong, P., Cherdthong, A., So, S. & Wanapat, M. Sulfur, fresh cassava root and urea independently enhanced gas production, ruminal characteristics and in vitro degradability. BMC Vet. Res. 17(1), 1\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"45993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07825-w","volume":"12","author":"R Prachumchai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prachumchai, R., Cherdthong, A., Wanapat, M., So, S. & Polyorach, S. Fresh cassava root replacing cassava chip could enhance milk production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on high sulfur-containing pellet. Sci. Rep. 12, 3809 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"45993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1071\/AN18779","volume":"60","author":"C Supapong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Supapong, C. & Cherdthong, A. Effect of sulfur concentrations in fermented total mixed rations containing fresh cassava root on rumen fermentation. Anim. Prod. Sci. 60(11), 1429\u20131434 (2020).","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"45993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1569-8","volume":"50","author":"A Cherdthong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cherdthong, A. et al. Effects of feeding fresh cassava root with high-sulfur feed block on feed utilization, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites in Thai native cattle. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 50(6), 1365\u20131371 (2018).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"5","key":"45993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816641994","volume":"53","author":"S Gwaltney-Brant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gwaltney-Brant, S. Veterinary forensic toxicology. Vet. Pathol. 53(5), 1067\u20131077 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"45993_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"K Yildiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yildiz, K., Dokuzeylul, B., Gonul, R. & Erman, O. Cyanide poisoning in cattle. Dairy Vet. Sci. J. 1, 1\u20133 (2017).","journal-title":"Dairy Vet. Sci. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"45993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0","volume":"74","author":"A Kennedy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kennedy, A., Brennan, A., Mannion, C. & Sheehan, M. Suspected cyanide toxicity in cattle associated with ingestion of laurel\u2014A case report. Irish Vet. J. 74(1), 1\u20136 (2021).","journal-title":"Irish Vet. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"45993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050261","volume":"9","author":"C Supapong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Supapong, C., Cherdthong, A., Wanapat, M., Chanjula, P. & Uriyapongson, S. Effects of sulfur levels in fermented total mixed ration containing fresh cassava root on feed utilization, rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites in Thai native beef cattle. Animals 9(5), 261 (2019).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"45993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8010010","volume":"8","author":"R Prachumchai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prachumchai, R., Cherdthong, A. & Wanapat, M. Screening of cyanide-utilizing bacteria from rumen and in vitro evaluation of fresh cassava root utilization with pellet containing high sulfur diet. Vet. Sci. 8(1), 10 (2021).","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"45993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.1424","volume":"20","author":"C Promkot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Promkot, C., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C. & Navanukraw, C. Influence of sulfur on fresh cassava foliage and cassava hay incubated in rumen fluid of beef cattle. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 20(9), 1424\u20131432 (2007).","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"45993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7030114","volume":"7","author":"G Dagaew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dagaew, G., Cherdthong, A., Wanapat, M., So, S. & Polyorach, S. Ruminal fermentation, milk production efficiency, and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows receiving fresh cassava root and solid feed-block containing high sulfur. Fermentation 7(3), 114 (2021).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"4","key":"45993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7040207","volume":"7","author":"C Supapong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Supapong, C. & Cherdthong, A. Rhodaneses enzyme addition could reduce cyanide concentration and enhance fiber digestibility via in vitro fermentation study. Fermentation 7(4), 207 (2021).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"4464","key":"45993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/175900a0","volume":"175","author":"G Ware","year":"1955","unstructured":"Ware, G. & Painter, H. Bacterial utilization of cyanide. Nature 175(4464), 900\u2013900 (1955).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"45993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85839-7.00016-5","volume-title":"Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes","author":"V Anand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anand, V. & Pandey, A. Role of microbes in biodegradation of cyanide and its metal complexes. In Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes (eds Shah, M. P. & Rodriguez-Couto, S.) 205\u2013224 (Elsevier, 2022)."},{"key":"45993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40488-9","volume":"13","author":"W Khota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khota, W. et al. The isolation of rumen enterococci strains along with high potential utilizing cyanide. Sci. Rep. 13, 13176 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"45993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8090436","volume":"8","author":"N Sombuddee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sombuddee, N. et al. Effect of cyanide-utilizing bacteria and sulfur supplementation on reducing cyanide concentration and in vitro degradability using in vitro gas production technique. Fermentation 8(9), 436 (2022).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"2","key":"45993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-018-9467-0","volume":"17","author":"TC Bhalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhalla, T. C., Kumar, V. & Kumar, V. Enzymes of aldoxime\u2013nitrile pathway for organic synthesis. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol. 17(2), 229\u2013239 (2018).","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"45993_CR20","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2012","unstructured":"AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis 19th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2012).","edition":"19"},{"issue":"10","key":"45993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","volume":"74","author":"PV Van Soest","year":"1991","unstructured":"Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B. & Lewis, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74(10), 3583\u20133597 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"45993_CR22","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NRC","year":"2001","unstructured":"NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 7th edn. (National Academy of Science, 2001).","edition":"7"},{"issue":"9","key":"45993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60069a014","volume":"24","author":"F Fisher","year":"1952","unstructured":"Fisher, F. & Brown, J. Colorimetric determination of cyanide in stack gas and waste water. Anal. Chem. 24(9), 1440\u20131444 (1952).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"45993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60356a036","volume":"47","author":"JL Lambert","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lambert, J. L., Ramasamy, J. & Paukstelis, J. V. Stable reagents for the colorimetric determination of cyanide by modified Koenig reactions. Anal. Chem. 47(6), 916\u2013918 (1975).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"45993_CR25","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research","author":"M Galyean","year":"1989","unstructured":"Galyean, M. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research 188, (Department of Animal and Life Science, New Mexico State University, 1989)."},{"issue":"3","key":"45993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.11.014","volume":"123","author":"C Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee, C., Kim, J., Shin, S. G. & Hwang, S. Absolute and relative QPCR quantification of plasmid copy number in Escherichia coli. J. Biotechnol. 123(3), 273\u2013280 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"45993_CR27","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols","author":"S Rozen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rozen, S. & Skaletsky, H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols (eds Misener, S. & Krawetz, S. A.) 365\u2013386 (Springer, 2000)."},{"issue":"1","key":"45993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(02)00021-0","volume":"307","author":"RHL Deprez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deprez, R. H. L., Fijnvandraat, A. C., Ruijter, J. M. & Moorman, A. F. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Anal. Biochem. 307(1), 63\u201369 (2002).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"10","key":"45993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gng056","volume":"31","author":"J Wilhelm","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilhelm, J., Pingoud, A. & Hahn, M. Real-time PCR-based method for the estimation of genome sizes. Nucleic Acids Res. 31(10), 56\u201356 (2003).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"45993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.9916","volume":"245","author":"KM Ririe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ririe, K. M., Rasmussen, R. P. & Wittwer, C. T. Product differentiation by analysis of DNA melting curves during the polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Biochem. 245(2), 154\u2013160 (1997).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"45993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8040146","volume":"8","author":"C Supapong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Supapong, C. et al. Effect of rhodanese enzyme addition on rumen fermentation, cyanide concentration, and feed utilization in beef cattle receiving various levels of fresh cassava root. Fermentation 8(4), 146 (2022).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"11","key":"45993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13182","volume":"26","author":"N Anantasook","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anantasook, N., Wanapat, M., Cherdthong, A. & Gunun, P. Changes of microbial population in the rumen of dairy steers as influenced by plant containing tannins and saponins and roughage to concentrate ratio. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 26(11), 1583\u20131591 (2013).","journal-title":"Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"45993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.003","volume":"196","author":"S Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang, S., Wanapat, M. & Cherdthorng, A. Effect of banana flower powder supplementation as a rumen buffer on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers fed a high-concentrate diet. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 196, 32\u201341 (2014).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"45993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13652","volume":"106","author":"DJ Castro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro, D. J. et al. Ruminal effects of excessive dietary sulphur in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 106(5), 978\u2013987 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45993-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45993-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45993-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T00:11:07Z","timestamp":1703463067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45993-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-45993-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18689"}}