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Skeletal muscle index (SMI; skeletal muscle area\/height<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and percentage of normal attenuation muscle area (NAMA%) were measured to represent the quantity and quality of the skeletal muscles, respectively, and quantification was performed in pectoralis muscle at aortic arch (AA-PM), TSM at carina (C-TSM), erector spinae muscle at T12 (T12-ESM), and skeletal muscle at L1 (L1-SM). Among the 258 men (median age, 62\u00a0years [IQR: 58\u201369]), 183 were current smokers (median smoking intensity, 40 pack-years [IQR: 30\u201346]). SMI and NAMA% of AA-PM significantly decreased with pack-year (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.028 and\u2009\u2212\u20090.076; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021, respectively). Smoking intensity was inversely associated with NAMA% of C-TSM (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.063; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), whereas smoking intensity showed a borderline association with SMI of C-TSM (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.023; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.057). Smoking intensity was associated with the change in NAMA% of L1-SM (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.040; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027), but was not associated with SMI of L1-SM (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Neither NAMA% nor SMI of T12-ESM was affected by smoking intensity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). In conclusion, smoking intensity was associated with the change of\u00a0TSMs. Its association varied according to the location of TSMs, with the most associated parts being the upper (AA-PM) and middle TSMs (C-TSM).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46360-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T11:04:07Z","timestamp":1700219047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cigarette smoking and disproportionate changes of thoracic skeletal muscles in low-dose chest computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Woo Hyeon","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"46360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S194003","volume":"14","author":"KJC Sanders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanders, K. 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