{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:53:55Z","timestamp":1775188435059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01CX002118-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01CX002118-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we evaluated the utility of using high-frequency ultrasound to non-invasively track the degenerative process in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. Primary analyses explored spatial and temporal changes in quantitative backscatter coefficient (BSC) spectrum-based outcomes and B-mode textural outcomes, using gray level co-occurrence matrices (GLCMs), during the progressive transition from acute to chronic injury. As secondary analyses, correlations among GLCM and BSC spectrum-based parameters were evaluated, and immunohistochemistry were used to suggest a structural basis for ultrasound outcomes. Both mean BSC spectrum-based and mean GLCM-based measures exhibited significant spatial differences across presurgical and 1-month\/2-month time points, distal stumps enclosed proximity to the injury site being particularly affected. The two sets of parameters sensitively detected peripheral nerve degeneration at 1-month and 2-month post-injury, with area under the receiver operating charactersitic curve\u2009&gt;\u20090.8 for most parameters. The results also indicated that the many BSC spectrum-based and GLCM-based parameters significantly correlate with each other, and suggested a common structural basis for a diverse set of quantitative ultrasound parameters. The findings of this study suggest that BSC spectrum-based and GLCM-based analysis are promising non-invasive techniques for diagnosing peripheral nerve degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47264-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T20:02:04Z","timestamp":1700337724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative evaluation of rat sciatic nerve degeneration using high-frequency ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuanshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Barrere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameer B.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"47264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.10.006","volume":"103","author":"K Barrell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barrell, K. & Smith, A. G. Peripheral neuropathy. Med. Clin. N. Am. 103, 383\u2013397 (2019).","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2018.1489381","volume":"60","author":"ML Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, M. L., Rivlin, M., Graham, J. G. & Beredjiklian, P. K. Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connect. Tissue Res. 60, 3\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"47264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-109","volume":"8","author":"S Rotshenker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rotshenker, S. Wallerian degeneration: The innate-immune response to traumatic nerve injury. J. Neuroinflamm. 8, 1\u201314 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"47264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.02.011","volume":"193","author":"P Dubov\u00fd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dubov\u00fd, P. Wallerian degeneration and peripheral nerve conditions for both axonal regeneration and neuropathic pain induction. Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz. 193, 267\u2013275 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"issue":"15","key":"47264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3680","volume":"2014","author":"L Conforti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conforti, L., Gilley, J. & Coleman, M. P. Wallerian degeneration: An emerging axon death pathway linking injury and disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2014(15), 394\u2013409 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"47264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420045-6.00007-9","volume":"109","author":"LB Dahlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dahlin, L. B. The role of timing in nerve reconstruction. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 109, 151\u2013164 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"47264_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3570","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003570","volume":"9","author":"JM Felder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Felder, J. M. & Ducic, I. Chronic nerve injuries and delays in surgical treatment negatively impact patient-reported quality of life. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open 9, E3570 (2021).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"47264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056484","volume":"8","author":"S Jonsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jonsson, S. et al. Effect of delayed peripheral nerve repair on nerve regeneration, Schwann cell function and target muscle recovery. PLoS ONE 8, e56484 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"47264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-12","volume":"12","author":"Y Tsuda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsuda, Y., Kanje, M. & Dahlin, L. B. Axonal outgrowth is associated with increased ERK 1\/2 activation but decreased caspase 3 linked cell death in Schwann cells after immediate nerve repair in rats. BMC Neurosci. 12, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"47264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.03.035","volume":"130","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X., Haggiagi, A., Tzatha, E., DeAngelis, L. M. & Santomasso, B. Electrophysiological findings in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related peripheral neuropathy. Clin. Neurophysiol. 130, 1440\u20131445 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"47264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.273626","volume":"67","author":"N Kamble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamble, N., Shukla, D. & Bhat, D. Peripheral nerve injuries: Electrophysiology for the neurosurgeon. Neurol. India 67, 1419\u20131422 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"47264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.06.021","volume":"44","author":"RE Holzgrefe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holzgrefe, R. E., Wagner, E. R., Singer, A. D. & Daly, C. A. Imaging of the peripheral nerve: Concepts and future direction of magnetic resonance neurography and ultrasound. J. Hand Surg. Am. 44, 1066\u20131079 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y. et al. Imaging diagnosis in peripheral nerve injury. Front. Neurol. 14 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1266638"},{"key":"47264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010030","volume":"11","author":"J Wijntjes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijntjes, J., Borchert, A. & van Alfen, N. Nerve ultrasound in traumatic and iatrogenic peripheral nerve injury. Diagnostics 11, 30 (2020).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"47264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.11.020","volume":"37","author":"J Mamou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mamou, J. et al. Three-dimensional high-frequency backscatter and envelope quantification of cancerous human lymph nodes. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 37, 345 (2011).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.11.011","volume":"43","author":"K Ito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ito, K., Yoshida, K., Maruyama, H., Mamou, J. & Yamaguchi, T. Acoustic impedance analysis with high-frequency ultrasound for identification of fatty acid species in the liver. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 43, 700\u2013711 (2017).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3401042","volume":"24","author":"D Albano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albano, D., Aringhieri, G., Messina, C., De Flaviis, L. & Sconfienza, L. M. High-frequency and ultra-high frequency ultrasound: musculoskeletal imaging up to 70 MHz. Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol. 24, 125\u2013134 (2020).","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"47264_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.86","volume":"29","author":"A Alaqeel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alaqeel, A. & Alshomer, F. High resolution ultrasound in the evaluation and management of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: review of the literature. Oman Med. J. 29, 314 (2014).","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"47264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132811Y.0000000048","volume":"34","author":"AM Hollister","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hollister, A. M., Simoncini, A., Sciuk, A. & Jordan, J. High frequency ultrasound evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. Neurol. Res. 34, 98\u2013103 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"47264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080596","volume":"10","author":"Y Yoshii","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshii, Y., Zhao, C. & Amadio, P. C. Recent advances in ultrasound diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Diagnostics 10, 596 (2020).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"47264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","volume":"SMC-3","author":"RM Haralick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Haralick, R. M., Dinstein, I. & Shanmugam, K. Textural features for image classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. SMC-3, 610\u2013621 (1973).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"47264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5943-8","volume":"29","author":"J R\u00edos-D\u00edaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"R\u00edos-D\u00edaz, J. et al. Quantitative neuromuscular ultrasound analysis as biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur. Radiol. 29, 4266\u20134275 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"47264_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469001200402","volume":"12","author":"MF Insana","year":"1990","unstructured":"Insana, M. F. & Hall, T. J. Parametric ultrasound imaging from backscatter coefficient measurements: Image formation and interpretation. Ultrason Imaging 12, 245\u2013267 (1990).","journal-title":"Ultrason Imaging"},{"key":"47264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(97)00200-7","volume":"23","author":"FL Lizzi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lizzi, F. L., Astor, M., Feleppa, E. J., Shao, M. & Kalisz, A. Statistical framework for ultrasonic spectral parameter imaging. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 23, 1371\u20131382 (1997).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4970019","volume":"140","author":"P Muleki-Seya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muleki-Seya, P. et al. Comparison of quantitative ultrasound parameters from two approaches on in vivo human fatty liver. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 3186 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191152","volume":"295","author":"A Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, A. et al. Assessment of hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by using quantitative US. Radiology 295, 106 (2020).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"47264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5031121","volume":"143","author":"R de Monchy","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Monchy, R. et al. Estimation of polydispersity in aggregating red blood cells by quantitative ultrasound backscatter analysis. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 2207\u20132216 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100827","volume":"13","author":"LO Osapoetra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osapoetra, L. O. et al. Breast lesion characterization using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and derivative texture methods. Transl. Oncol. 13, 100827 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"47264_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.02.014","volume":"44","author":"D Rohrbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohrbach, D., Wodlinger, B., Wen, J., Mamou, J. & Feleppa, E. High-frequency quantitative ultrasound for imaging prostate cancer using a novel micro-ultrasound scanner. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 44, 1341\u20131354 (2018).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.08.007","volume":"49","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Repeatability, reproducibility and sources of variability in the assessment of backscatter coefficient and texture parameters from high-frequency ultrasound acquisitions in human median nerve. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 49, 122\u2013135 (2023).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.02.019","volume":"45","author":"M Byra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byra, M. et al. Quantitative ultrasound and B-mode image texture features correlate with collagen and myelin content in human ulnar nerve fascicles. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 45, 1830\u20131840 (2019).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410","volume":"18","author":"NP du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"du Sert, N. P. et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 18, e3000410 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"47264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113328","volume":"331","author":"HM Howarth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howarth, H. M., Orozco, E., Lovering, R. M. & Shah, S. B. A comparative assessment of lengthening followed by end-to-end repair and isograft repair of chronically injured peripheral nerves. Exp. Neurol. 331, 113328 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"47264_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78481-1","volume":"10","author":"JI Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, J. I. et al. A novel nerve transection and repair method in mice: histomorphometric analysis of nerves, blood vessels, and muscles with functional recovery. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"47264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2020.582218","volume":"14","author":"S Zaqout","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaqout, S., Becker, L. L. & Kaindl, A. M. Immunofluorescence staining of paraffin sections step by step. Front. Neuroanat. 14, 582218 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"47264_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469001200105","volume":"12","author":"LX Yao","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yao, L. X., Zagzebski, J. A. & Madsen, E. L. Backscatter coefficient measurements using a reference phantom to extract depth-dependent instrumentation factors. Ultrason. Imaging 12, 58\u201370 (1990).","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"47264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.2513958","volume":"63","author":"ML Oelze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oelze, M. L. & Mamou, J. Review of quantitative ultrasound: envelope statistics and backscatter coefficient imaging and contributions to diagnostic ultrasound. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63, 336 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.12.024","volume":"40","author":"YQ Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. Q. et al. Analysis of apparent integrated backscatter coefficient and backscattered spectral centroid shift in calcaneus in vivo for the ultrasonic evaluation of osteoporosis. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 40, 1307\u20131317 (2014).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/T-UFFC.1987.26950","volume":"34","author":"FL Lizzi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lizzi, F. L., Ostromogilsky, M., Feleppa, E. J., Rorke, M. C. & Yaremko, M. M. Relationship of ultrasonic spectral parameters to features of tissue microstructure. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 34, 319\u2013329 (1987).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010107","volume":"17","author":"Y-H Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-H., Yang, T.-H., Wang, S.-H. & Su, F.-C. Quantitative assessment of first annular pulley and adjacent tissues using high-frequency ultrasound. Sensors 17, 107 (2017).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"47264_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(85)90032-8","volume":"11","author":"RM Glueck","year":"1985","unstructured":"Glueck, R. M., Mottley, J. G., Sobel, B. E., Miller, J. G. & P\u00e9rez, J. E. Changes in ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter of muscle with state of contraction. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 11, 605\u2013610 (1985).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00456-2","volume":"27","author":"BI Raju","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raju, B. I. & Srinivasan, M. A. High-frequency ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter coefficients of in vivo normal human dermis and subcutaneous fat. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 27, 1543\u20131556 (2001).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2016.2588979","volume":"64","author":"A Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, A. et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of a clinically based QUS phantom study and methodologies. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 64, 218\u2013231 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1798353","volume":"116","author":"ML Oelze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oelze, M. L. & O\u2019Brien, W. D. Improved scatterer property estimates from ultrasound backscatter for small gate lengths using a gate-edge correction factor. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3212\u20133223 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"E Erdfelder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., Buchner, A. & Lang, A. G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res. Methods 41, 1149\u20131160 (2009).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"47264_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175\u2013191 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"47264_CR47","first-page":"69","volume":"24","author":"MM Mukaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mukaka, M. M. A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med. J. 24, 69 (2012).","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"47264_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209","volume":"75","author":"FS Nahm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nahm, F. S. Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 75, 25 (2022).","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"47264_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v12.i6.101","volume":"12","author":"NG Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon, N. G. & Carroll, A. S. Current and future applications of ultrasound imaging in peripheral nerve disorders. World J. Radiol. 12, 101\u2013129 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"47264_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23417","volume":"46","author":"A Tagliafico","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tagliafico, A. et al. Reliability of side-to-side ultrasound cross-sectional area measurements of lower extremity nerves in healthy subjects. Muscle Nerve 46, 717\u2013722 (2012).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"47264_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.8.JNS09812","volume":"112","author":"QG Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, Q. G., ForDen, J., Walsh, S. K., Gordon, T. & Midha, R. Motoneuron survival after chronic and sequential peripheral nerve injuries in the rat. J. Neurosurg. 112, 890\u2013899 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"47264_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fbiom.2023.1041018","volume":"2","author":"T-H Chuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuang, T.-H. et al. Injured nerves respond favorably to an integrated tension- and conduit-based regenerative strategy. Front. Biomater. Sci. 2, 2 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"47264_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.02.006","volume":"278","author":"R Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, R. et al. Adult skin-derived precursor Schwann cells exhibit superior myelination and regeneration supportive properties compared to chronically denervated nerve-derived Schwann cells. Exp. Neurol. 278, 127\u2013142 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"47264_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.8.JNS09812","volume":"112","author":"QG Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, Q. G., ForDen, J., Walsh, S. K., Gordon, T. & Midha, R. Motoneuron survival after chronic and sequential peripheral nerve injuries in the rat: Laboratory investigation. J. Neurosurg. 112, 890\u2013899 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"47264_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066348","volume":"8","author":"F Sabri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sabri, F. et al. In vivo ultrasonic detection of polyurea crosslinked silica aerogel implants. PLoS ONE 8, e66348 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"47264_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01220","volume":"9","author":"HT Langer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Langer, H. T. et al. Muscle atrophy due to nerve damage is accompanied by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Front. Physiol. 9, 1220 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"47264_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716870","volume":"37","author":"JM Kerns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerns, J. M. et al. Histological assessment of wallerian degeneration of the rat tibial nerve following crush and transection injuries. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 37, 391\u2013404 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"47264_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-10988-1","volume":"269","author":"V Ricci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ricci, V. et al. Histopathology and high-resolution ultrasound imaging for peripheral nerve (injuries). J. Neurol. 269, 3663\u20133675 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"47264_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000370","volume":"35","author":"XJ Ni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ni, X. J. et al. The high-frequency ultrasound detection of rat sciatic nerve in a crushed injury model. Ultrasound Q. 35, 120\u2013124 (2019).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"47264_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/145749691110000315","volume":"100","author":"H R\u00f6nkk\u00f6","year":"2011","unstructured":"R\u00f6nkk\u00f6, H. et al. The capacity of the distal stump of peripheral nerve to receive growing axons after two and six months denervation. Scand. J. Surg. 100, 223\u2013229 (2011).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"47264_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1109\/58.655209","volume":"44","author":"FL Lizzi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lizzi, F. L., Feleppa, E. J., Astor, M. & Kalisz, A. Statistics of ultrasonic spectral parameters for prostate and liver examinations. IEEE Trans. Ultrason Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 44, 935\u2013942 (1997).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/T-UFFC.1987.26950","volume":"34","author":"FL Lizzi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lizzi, F. L., Ostromogilsky, M., Feleppa, E. J., Rorke, M. C. & Yaremko, M. M. Relationship of ultrasonic spectral parameters to features of tissue microstructure. IEEE Trans. Ultrason Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 34, 319\u2013329 (1987).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734617729159","volume":"40","author":"P Muleki-Seya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muleki-Seya, P., Han, A., Andre, M. P., Erdman, J. W. & O\u2019Brien, W. D. Analysis of two quantitative ultrasound approaches. Ultrason Imaging 40, 84 (2018).","journal-title":"Ultrason Imaging"},{"key":"47264_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1501278","volume":"112","author":"ML Oelze","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oelze, M. L., Zachary, J. F. & O\u2019brien, W. D. Characterization of tissue microstructure using ultrasonic backscatter: Theory and technique for optimization using a Gaussian form factor. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 1202 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27043","volume":"62","author":"F Schreiber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schreiber, F. et al. Textural markers of ultrasonographic nerve alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 62, 601\u2013610 (2020).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"47264_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069987","volume":"8","author":"MJ Godinho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Godinho, M. J. et al. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and functional analysis of axonal regeneration through peripheral nerve grafts containing schwann cells expressing BDNF, CNTF or NT3. PLoS ONE 8, e69987 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"47264_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3559677","volume":"129","author":"Y Labyed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Labyed, Y. & Bigelow, T. A. A theoretical comparison of attenuation measurement techniques from backscattered ultrasound echoes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 2316 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"47264_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.JMP_82_20","volume":"45","author":"G Vara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vara, G. et al. Texture analysis on ultrasound: The effect of time gain compensation on histogram metrics and gray-level matrices. J. Med. Phys. 45, 249 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Phys."},{"key":"47264_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.1.7568840","volume":"197","author":"E Silvestri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Silvestri, E. et al. Echotexture of peripheral nerves: correlation between US and histologic findings and criteria to differentiate tendons. Radiology 197, 291\u2013296 (1995).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"47264_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140304","volume":"14","author":"WG Bradley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bradley, W. G., Good, P., Rasool, C. G. & Adelman, L. S. Morphometric and biochemical studies of peripheral nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 14, 267\u2013277 (1983).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"47264_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2017.2719962","volume":"65","author":"AL Coila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coila, A. L. & Lavarello, R. Regularized spectral log difference technique for ultrasonic attenuation imaging. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 65, 378\u2013389 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"47264_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734613480281","volume":"35","author":"K Nam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nam, K., Zagzebski, J. A. & Hall, T. J. Quantitative assessment of in vivo breast masses using ultrasound attenuation and backscatter. Ultrason. Imaging 35, 146\u2013161 (2013).","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"47264_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Labyed, Y. & Bigelow, T. A. A theoretical comparison of attenuation measurement techniques from backscattered ultrasound echoes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3559677.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3559677"},{"key":"47264_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.01.022","volume":"40","author":"N Rubert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rubert, N. & Varghese, T. Scatterer number density considerations in reference phantom based attenuation estimation. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 40, 1680 (2014).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"47264_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0161734612464451","volume":"34","author":"K Nam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nam, K. et al. Comparison of ultrasound attenuation and backscatter estimates in layered tissue-mimicking phantoms among three clinical scanners. Ultrason. Imaging 34, 209 (2012).","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"47264_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13010002","volume":"13","author":"I Miranda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miranda, I. et al. Properties and applications of PDMS for biomedical engineering: A review. J. Funct. Biomater. 13, 2 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"47264_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00078-8","volume":"21","author":"A Dalu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dalu, A., Blaydes, B. S., Lomax, L. G. & Delclos, K. B. A comparison of the inflammatory response to a polydimethylsiloxane implant in male and female Balb\/c mice. Biomaterials 21, 1947\u20131957 (2000).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"47264_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1998.tb00101.x","volume":"4","author":"MG Rippon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rippon, M. G., Springett, K., Walmsley, R., Patrick, K. & Millson, S. Ultrasound assessment of skin and wound tissue: Comparison with histology. Skin Res. Technol. 4, 147\u2013154 (1998).","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"47264_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E31655","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031655","volume":"101","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S. J., Kwon, Y. M., Ahn, S. M., Lee, J. H. & Lee, C. H. Epidemiology of upper extremity peripheral nerve injury in South Korea, 2008 to 2018. Medicine 101, E31655 (2022).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"47264_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.192","volume":"123","author":"M Karsy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karsy, M. et al. Trends and cost analysis of upper extremity nerve injury using the national (nationwide) inpatient sample. World Neurosurg. 123, e488\u2013e500 (2019).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"47264_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101673","volume":"12","author":"M Aman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aman, M. et al. An epidemiological and etiological analysis of 5026 peripheral nerve lesions from a european level I trauma center. J. Pers. Med. 12, 1673 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"47264_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002823","volume":"87","author":"CP Bellaire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellaire, C. P., Inglesby, D. C., Marayati, N. F., Warburton, A. J. & Melamed, E. Trends in peripheral nerve epidemiology and reconstruction: A state database study of direct repairs, grafts, and conduits. Ann. Plast. Surg. 87, 179\u2013186 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-47264-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-47264-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-47264-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T07:21:06Z","timestamp":1700378466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-47264-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["47264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-47264-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20228"}}