{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:41:42Z","timestamp":1793418102729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The important hypothesis that organic livestock management reduces the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is either fiercely supported or bitterly contested. Yet, empirical evidence supporting this view remains fragmentary, in part because relationships between antimicrobial use and drug resistance vary dramatically across contexts, hosts, pathogens, and country-specific regulations. Here, we synthesize global policies and definitions of \u2018organic\u2019 and ask if organic farming results in notable reductions in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance when directly examined alongside conventional analogs. We synthesized the results of 72 studies, spanning 22 countries and five pathogens. Our results highlight substantial variations in country-specific policies on drug use and definitions of \u2018organic\u2019 that hinder broad-scale and generalizable patterns. Overall, conventional farms had slightly higher levels of antimicrobial resistance (28%) relative to organic counterparts (18%), although we found significant context-dependent variation in this pattern. Notably, environmental samples from organic and conventional\u00a0farms often exhibited high levels of resistance to medically important drugs, underscoring the need for more stringent and consistent policies to control antimicrobial contaminants in the soil\u00a0(particularly on organic farms, where the application of conventional manure could faciliate the spread antimicrobial resistance). Taken together, these results emphasize the challenges inherent in understanding links between drug use and drug resistance, the critical need for global standards governing organic policies, and greater investment in viable alternatives for managing disease in livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47862-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1702965741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Global trends in antimicrobial resistance on organic and conventional farms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eldon O.","family":"Ager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamilie","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Hite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"47862_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01124-w","volume":"7","author":"OO Ikhimiukor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ikhimiukor, O. O., Odih, E. E., Donado-Godoy, P. & Okeke, I. N. A bottom-up view of antimicrobial resistance transmission in developing countries. Nat. Microbiol. 7, 757\u2013765 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"47862_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399, 629\u2013655 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"47862_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.169","volume":"12","author":"VA Arason","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arason, V. A., Sigurdsson, J. A., Erlendsdottir, H., Gudmundsson, S. & Kristinsson, K. G. The role of antimicrobial use in the epidemiology of resistant pneumococci: a 10-year follow up. Microb. 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