{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:33:02Z","timestamp":1789500782691,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018764","name":"Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A-10-500-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-10-500-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enzyme therapy can be an appropriate treatment option for celiac disease (CeD). Here, we developed Bromelain-Loaded Nanocomposites (BLNCs) to improve the stability and retention of bromelain enzyme activity. After the characterization of BLNCs, the cytotoxicity of BLNCs was determined on the Caco-2 cell line. The effect of BLNCs on gliadin degradation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from celiac patients were assessed. Furthermore, the expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 genes was measured in CaCo-2 cells treated with gliadin, gliadin-digested with BLNCs, and bromelain. Our study demonstrated that the Bromelain entrapment efficiency in these nanoparticles was acceptable, and BLNCs have no toxic effect on cells. SDS-PAGE confirmed the digestion effect of bromelain released from nanocomposites. When Caco-2 cells were treated with gliadin digested by free bromelain and BLNCs, the expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 genes was significantly decreased. PBMCs of celiac patients treated with Bromelain and BLNCs decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3) production compared to untreated PBMCs. This treatment also increased IL-10 and CTLA-4 in PBMCs of CeD patients. According to the promising results of this study, we can hope for the therapeutic potential of BLNCs for CeD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48460-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:03:32Z","timestamp":1701425012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bromelain-loaded nanocomposites decrease inflammatory and cytotoxicity effects of gliadin on Caco-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of celiac patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Masoumeh Sadat","family":"Mousavi Maleki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Ebrahimi kiasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Javad","family":"Seyed Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Hashemi\u2010Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Madanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soroush","family":"Sardari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"48460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2017.12.002","volume":"41","author":"L Vaquero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaquero, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn, L., Le\u00f3n, F., Jorquera, F. & Vivas, S. New coeliac disease treatments and their complications. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 41, 191\u2013204 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"48460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2014.12.001","volume":"63","author":"S Ansari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ansari, S. et al. Probing the distribution of gliadin proteins in dough and baked bread using conjugated quantum dots as a labeling tool. J. Cereal Sci. 63, 41\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"48460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100101","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202100101","volume":"43","author":"MA Lauxmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lauxmann, M. A. et al. From celiac disease to coccidia infection and vice-versa: The polyQ peptide CXCR3-interaction axis. BioEssays 43, 2100101 (2021).","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"48460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.04.017","volume":"8","author":"E Alhassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alhassan, E., Yadav, A., Kelly, C. P. & Mukherjee, R. Novel nondietary therapies for celiac disease. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 335\u2013345 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"48460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7769","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097769","volume":"24","author":"M Sallese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sallese, M. et al. Gene Expression Profiling in Coeliac Disease Confirmed the Key Role of the Immune System and Revealed a Molecular Overlap with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 7769 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"48460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.01.062","volume":"132","author":"MF Kagnoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kagnoff, M. F. Mucosal inflammation in celiac disease: interleukin-15 meets transforming growth factor \u03b2-1. Gastroenterology 132, 1174\u20131176 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"48460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1642321","volume":"14","author":"L Vaquero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaquero, L. et al. Challenges to drug discovery for celiac disease and approaches to overcome them. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 14, 957\u2013968 (2019).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"48460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00193","volume":"7","author":"S Yoosuf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoosuf, S. & Makharia, G. K. Evolving therapy for celiac disease. Front. Pediatr. 7, 193 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"48460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi Maleki, M. S. et al. Bromelain and ficin proteolytic effects on gliadin cytotoxicity and expression of genes involved in cell-tight junctions in Caco-2 cells. Amino Acids 1\u201319 (2023).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3206070\/v1"},{"key":"48460_CR10","first-page":"4838","volume":"5","author":"SS Wani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wani, S. S. & Mashru, R. C. Sensitive and Selective Methods for Determination of Proteolytic Activity of Formulation Containing Bromelain and Trypsin As Proteolytic Enzymes. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 5, 4838 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"48460_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12040820","volume":"12","author":"K Purbaningrum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Purbaningrum, K., Hidayat, C., Witasari, L. D. & Utami, T. Flavor Precursors and Volatile Compounds Improvement of Unfermented Cocoa Beans by Hydrolysis Using Bromelain. Foods 12, 820 (2023).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"48460_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010076","volume":"14","author":"U Jan\u010di\u010d","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jan\u010di\u010d, U. & Gorgieva, S. Bromelain and Nisin: The Natural Antimicrobials with High Potential in Biomedicine. Pharmaceutics 14, 76 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"48460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040317","volume":"11","author":"AJ Chakraborty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakraborty, A. J. et al. Bromelain a potential bioactive compound: a comprehensive overview from a pharmacological perspective. Life 11, 317 (2021).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"48460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205873842110346","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211034686","volume":"35","author":"R Bottega","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bottega, R., Persico, I., De Seta, F., Romano, F. & Di Lorenzo, G. Anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary bromelain extract (Bromeyal\u2122) after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 35, 20587384211034690 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"48460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.720","volume":"5","author":"V Rathnavelu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rathnavelu, V., Alitheen, N. B., Sohila, S., Kanagesan, S. & Ramesh, R. Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications (Review). Biomed. Reports 5, 283\u2013288 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomed. Reports"},{"key":"48460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.32553\/ijmbs.v4i4.1081","volume":"4","author":"B Kwatra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwatra, B. a Review on Potential Properties and Therapeutic Applications of Lycopene. Int. J. Med. Biomed. Stud. 4, 488\u2013500 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Biomed. Stud."},{"key":"48460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.03.006","volume":"254","author":"JA Ataide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ataide, J. A., G\u00e9rios, E. F., Mazzola, P. G. & Souto, E. B. Bromelain-loaded nanoparticles: A comprehensive review of the state of the art. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 254, 48\u201355 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"48460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.09.005","volume":"93","author":"H Hashemi-Moghaddam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashemi-Moghaddam, H., Zavareh, S., Gazi, E. M. & Jamili, M. Assessment of novel core\u2013shell Fe3O4@poly L-DOPA nanoparticles for targeted Taxol\u00ae delivery to breast tumor in a mouse model. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 93, 1036\u20131043 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"48460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01330-x","author":"H Mohammadzade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadzade, H. et al. Molecular imprinting of miR-559 on a peptide-immobilized poly L-DOPA\/silica core\u2013shell and in vitro investigating its effects on HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13346-023-01330-x (2023).","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"48460_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000116768","volume":"26","author":"MS Losowsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Losowsky, M. S. A history of coeliac disease. Dig. Dis. 26, 112\u2013120 (2008).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"48460_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01784-2","volume":"82","author":"S Varma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varma, S. & Krishnareddy, S. Novel Drug Therapeutics in Celiac Disease: A Pipeline Review. Drugs 82, 1515\u20131526 (2022).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"48460_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.974771","volume":"9","author":"G Mamone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mamone, G. et al. E40 glutenase detoxification capabilities of residual gluten immunogenic peptides in in vitro gastrointestinal digesta of food matrices made of soft and durum wheat. Front. Nutr. 9, 974771 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"48460_CR23","first-page":"111","volume":"8","author":"S Yoosuf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoosuf, S., Therrien, A. & Leffler, D. A. Non-dietary therapies for celiac disease. Coeliac Dis. Gluten-Related Disord. 8, 111\u2013160 (2021).","journal-title":"Coeliac Dis. Gluten-Related Disord."},{"key":"48460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48299-7","volume":"9","author":"L Cavaletti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cavaletti, L. et al. E40, a novel microbial protease efficiently detoxifying gluten proteins, for the dietary management of gluten intolerance. Sci. Rep. 9, 13147 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48460_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13106","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b08325","volume":"137","author":"C Wolf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolf, C. et al. Engineering of Kuma030: A Gliadin Peptidase That Rapidly Degrades Immunogenic Gliadin Peptides in Gastric Conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 13106\u201313113 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"48460_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.194001","volume":"158","author":"KH Richau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richau, K. H. et al. Subclassification and biochemical analysis of plant papain-like cysteine proteases displays subfamily-specific characteristics. Plant Physiol. 158, 1583\u20131599 (2012).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"48460_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazri, C., el Ain Soumia, H. & Siar, H. Characterization and application of phytochemicals substances of the fig tree: biological and sensory characterization of ficin and cheeses \u201cFresh and Soft\u201d. Asian J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 7, 71\u201378 (2018).","DOI":"10.18034\/ajase.v7i2.226"},{"key":"48460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.01.015","volume":"91","author":"P Bhatnagar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatnagar, P. et al. Bromelain nanoparticles protect against 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse model. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 91, 35\u201346 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"48460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.06.002","volume":"105","author":"P Bhatnagar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhatnagar, P., Pant, A. B., Shukla, Y., Panda, A. & Gupta, K. C. Hyaluronic acid grafted PLGA copolymer nanoparticles enhance the targeted delivery of Bromelain in Ehrlich\u2019s Ascites Carcinoma. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 105, 176\u2013192 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"48460_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.01.008","volume":"97","author":"IP de Sousa","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Sousa, I. P. et al. Nanoparticles decorated with proteolytic enzymes, a promising strategy to overcome the mucus barrier. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 97, 257\u2013264 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"48460_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2012.1458","volume":"8","author":"A Manosroi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manosroi, A., Chankhampan, C., Manosroi, W. & Manosroi, J. Toxicity reduction and MMP-2 stimulation of papain and bromelain loaded in elastic niosomes. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 8, 720\u2013729 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"48460_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.05.009","volume":"25","author":"A Christophersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christophersen, A., Risnes, L. F., Dahal-Koirala, S. & Sollid, L. M. Therapeutic and diagnostic implications of T cell scarring in celiac disease and beyond. Trends Mol. Med. 25, 836\u2013852 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"48460_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1999.0029900359","volume":"117","author":"MB Dwinell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dwinell, M. B., Eckmann, L., Leopard, J. D., Varki, N. M. & Kagnoff, M. F. Chemokine receptor expression by human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 117, 359\u2013367 (1999).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"48460_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6036","volume":"18","author":"N Gujral","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gujral, N., Freeman, H. J. & Thomson, A. B. R. Celiac disease: prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. World J. Gastroenterol. WJG 18, 6036 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"48460_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01432","volume":"8","author":"M Abraham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abraham, M. et al. Development of novel promiscuous anti-chemokine peptibodies for treating autoimmunity and inflammation. Front. Immunol. 8, 1432 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"48460_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2017.1268597","volume":"12","author":"JE Pease","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pease, J. E. Designing small molecule CXCR3 antagonists. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 12, 159\u2013168 (2017).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"48460_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.157","volume":"12","author":"Z Szekanecz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szekanecz, Z. & Koch, A. E. Successes and failures of chemokine-pathway targeting in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 12, 5\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"48460_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.10.003","volume":"94","author":"IA Jayawardana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jayawardana, I. A., Montoya, C. A., McNabb, W. C. & Boland, M. J. Possibility of minimizing gluten intolerance by co-consumption of some fruits \u2013 A case for positive food synergy?. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 94, 91\u201397 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"48460_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10101948","volume":"10","author":"V Bradauskiene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradauskiene, V. et al. The efficacy of plant enzymes bromelain and papain as a tool for reducing gluten immunogenicity from wheat bran. Processes 10, 1948 (2022).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"48460_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061673","volume":"12","author":"I Cruz-Chamorro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cruz-Chamorro, I. et al. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of wheat gluten protein hydrolysates in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nutrients 12, 1673 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"48460_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201357","volume":"13","author":"KA Hunt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunt, K. A. et al. A common CTLA4 haplotype associated with coeliac disease. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 13, 440\u2013444 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"48460_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.894648","volume":"13","author":"LV Collen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collen, L. V. et al. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Haploinsufficiency Presenting As Refractory Celiac-Like Disease: Case Report. Front. Immunol. 13, 894648 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"48460_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-019-09834-2","volume":"26","author":"M Nazemian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nazemian, M., Hojati, V., Zavareh, S., Madanchi, H. & Hashemi-Moghaddam, H. Immobilized peptide on the surface of Poly l-DOPA\/silica for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil to breast tumor. Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther. 26, 259\u2013269 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"48460_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-020-02660-6","volume":"31","author":"M Mirzababaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzababaei, M., Larijani, K., Hashemi-Moghaddam, H., Mirjafary, Z. & Madanchi, H. In vitro targeting of NL2 peptide bounded on poly L-DOPA coated graphene quantum dot. J. Fluoresc. 31, 279\u2013288 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"48460_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00955-8","volume":"231","author":"KJ Wanderley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wanderley, K. J., Torres, F. A. G., Moraes, L. M. P. & Ulhoa, C. J. Biochemical characterization of \u03b1-amylase from the yeast Cryptococcus flavus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 231, 165\u2013169 (2004).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"48460_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.322","volume":"3","author":"SK Panda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Panda, S. K. & Ravindran, B. In vitro culture of human PBMCs. Bio-protocol 3, e322\u2013e322 (2013).","journal-title":"Bio-protocol"},{"key":"48460_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madanchi, H. et al. Determination of antifungal activity and action mechanism of the modified Aurein 1.2 peptide derivatives. Microb. Pathog. 173, 105866 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105866"},{"key":"48460_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2022.08.014","volume":"83","author":"H Madanchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madanchi, H. et al. Expression of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 in the blood of women in the pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and their infant cord blood. Hum. Immunol. 83, 826\u2013831 (2022).","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"48460_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiswick, E. L., Duffy, E., Japp, B. & Remick, D. Detection and quantification of cytokines and other biomarkers. Leucocytes Methods Protoc. 15\u201330 (2012).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-527-5_2"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-48460-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-48460-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-48460-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:09:40Z","timestamp":1701425380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-48460-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-48460-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21180"}}