{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1791935526548,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sakari Alhopuro Foundation","award":["20200201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is mounting evidence of increases in tick (Acari: Ixodidae) contacts in Finland during the past few decades, highlighted by increases in the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). While nationwide field studies to map distributions of ticks are not feasible, crowdsourcing provides a comprehensive method with which to assess large-scale changes in tick contact areas. Here, we assess changes in tick contact areas in Finland between 1958 and 2021 using three different nationwide crowdsourced data sets. The data revealed vast increases in tick contact areas, with ticks estimated to be contacted locally approximately 400 km further north in western and approximately 100 km further north in eastern Finland in 2021 than 1958. Tick contact rates appeared to be highest along the coastline and on the shores of large lakes, possibly indicating higher tick abundance therein. In general, tick observations per inhabitant increased from 2015 to 2021. Tick contact areas have expanded in Finland over the past 60 years. It appears that taiga ticks (<jats:italic>Ixodes persulcatus<\/jats:italic>) are behind most of the northwards shifts in tick contact areas, with <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> contributing mostly to new contact areas in the south. While ticks are now present in most of Finland, there are still areas where tick abundance is low and\/or establishment not possible, mainly in northern Finland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48744-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T07:01:41Z","timestamp":1701500501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Crowdsourced tick observation data from across 60 years reveals major increases and northwards shifts in tick contact areas in Finland"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jani J.","family":"Sormunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilari E.","family":"S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero J.","family":"Vesterinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Klemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"48744_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.204763","volume":"27","author":"AR Marques","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marques, A. R., Strle, F. & Wormser, G. P. Comparison of Lyme disease in the United States and Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 2017 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"48744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050378","volume":"84","author":"Z Hub\u00e1lek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hub\u00e1lek, Z. & Halouzka, J. Prevalence rates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasitol. Res. 84, 167\u2013172 (1998).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"48744_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-018-0163-7","volume":"17","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A. et al. An updated meta-analysis of the distribution and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sl in ticks in Europe. Int. J. Health Geogr. 17, 1\u201316 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"48744_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1134\/S1028334X09060312","volume":"427","author":"VV Yasyukevich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yasyukevich, V. V., Kazakova, E. V., Popov, I. O. & Semenov, S. M. Distribution of Ixodes ricinus L., 1758 and Ixodes persulcatus Shulze, 1930 (Parasitoformes, Ixodidae) in Russia and adjacent countries in view of observable climate changes. Dokl. Earth Sci. 427, 1030\u20131034 (2009).","journal-title":"Dokl. Earth Sci."},{"key":"48744_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.006","volume":"2","author":"TGT Jaenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jaenson, T. G. T. & Lindgren, E. The range of Ixodes ricinus and the risk of contracting Lyme borreliosis will increase northwards when the vegetation period becomes longer. Ticks Tick-borne Dis. 2, 44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.006 (2011).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"48744_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1046-4","volume":"8","author":"HW Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams, H. W., Cross, D. E., Crump, H. L., Drost, C. J. & Thomas, C. J. Climate suitability for European ticks: Assessing species distribution models against null models and projection under AR5 climate. Parasit. Vectors 8, 1\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"48744_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-8","volume":"5","author":"TGT Jaenson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaenson, T. G. T., Jaenson, D. G. E., Eisen, L., Petersson, E. & Lindgren, E. Changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in Sweden. Parasit. 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Vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in Latvia in 1993\u20132002. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Suppl. 293, 36\u201347 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Suppl."},{"key":"48744_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw9883","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw9883","volume":"5","author":"E Post","year":"2019","unstructured":"Post, E. et al. The polar regions in a 2 C warmer world. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw9883 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"48744_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-019-00854-w","volume":"22","author":"T Klemola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klemola, T., Sormunen, J. J., Mojzer, J., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, S. & Vesterinen, E. J. High tick abundance and diversity of tick-borne pathogens in a Finnish city. Urban Ecosyst. 22(5), 817\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11252-019-00854-w (2019).","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"48744_CR34","unstructured":"Uspensky, I. The taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae), the main vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Eurasia. 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The website is maintained through Pfizer Oy Finland. Pfizer Oy Finland has not had any input on the use of the gathered data, nor the design and content, analysis of data or the interpretation of results in the current manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21274"}}