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Although several studies indicate that co-infections are associated with greater symptom severity, the host\u2013pathogen interplay remains unresolved. Here, our main objective was to investigate the modulation of the transcriptome of HCT-8 cells during single and co-infections with BCoV and\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . For this, HCT-8 cells were inoculated with (1) BCoV alone, (2)\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3) BCoV and\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    simultaneously. After 24 and 72\u00a0h, cells were harvested and analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Following differential expression analysis, over 6000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in virus-infected and co-exposed cells at 72 hpi, whereas only 52 DEGs were found in\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected cells at the same time point. Pathway (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs in the virus-infected and co-exposed cells were mostly associated with immune pathways (such as NF-\u03baB, TNF-\u03b1 or, IL-17), apoptosis and regulation of transcription, with a more limited effect exerted by\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although the modulation observed in the co-infection was apparently dominated by the virus, over 800 DEGs were uniquely expressed in co-exposed cells at 72 hpi. Our findings provide insights on possible biomarkers associated with co-infection, which could be further explored using in vivo models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49488-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1702432940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gene expression profile of HCT-8 cells following single or co-infections with Cryptosporidium parvum and bovine coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Turhan","family":"Markussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Myrmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shokouh","family":"Makvandi-Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"49488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-44-145","volume":"44","author":"C Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkman, C., Svensson, C., Christensson, B. & De verdier, K. 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