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The asymptomatic infection could play a key role in <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> transmission and distribution. Understanding population structure and phylogeographic patterns could be crucially needed to develop effective diagnoses and appropriate guidelines for therapy. In this study, genetic variation and geographic distribution of the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\/HIV co-infected population were investigated in endemic northern and southern Thailand. Interestingly, <jats:italic>Leishmania orientalis<\/jats:italic> was common and predominant in these two regions with common regional haplotype distribution but not for the others. Recent population expansion was estimated, probably due to the movement and migration of asymptomatic individuals; therefore, the transmission and prevalence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection could be underestimated. These findings of imbalanced population structure and phylogeographic distribution patterns provide valuable, insightful population structure and geographic distribution of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\/HIV co-infection to empower prevention and control of transmission and expansion of asymptomatic leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50604-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T17:02:23Z","timestamp":1703782943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Genetic variation and geographic distribution of Leishmania orientalis and Leishmania martiniquensis among Leishmania\/HIV co-infection in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Toon","family":"Ruang-areerate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panthita","family":"Ruang-areerate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jipada","family":"Manomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawee","family":"Naaglor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phunlerd","family":"Piyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathirut","family":"Mungthin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saovanee","family":"Leelayoova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suradej","family":"Siripattanapipong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"50604_CR1","first-page":"557","volume":"92","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. 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