{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:05:24Z","timestamp":1772136324458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the assessments of cardiovascular risk during general anesthesia. This study aimed to assess the effects of an anesthetic drug on HRV in cats and to provide information for clinical applications. Twenty-four healthy client-owned cats of various breeds, 12 females and 12 males scheduled for elective surgery, were enrolled in this study. The cats were premedicated and induced with 4 protocols: protocol 1, diazepam (0.3 mg\/kg) and propofol (2\u20134 mg\/kg) IV; protocol 2, diazepam (0.3 mg\/kg) and alfaxalone (1\u20133 mg\/kg) IV; protocol 3, diazepam (0.3 mg\/kg) and ketamine (3\u20135 mg\/kg) IV; and protocol 4, xylazine (1 mg\/kg) and tiletamine\/zolazepam (Zoletil) (5 mg\/kg) IM. The heart rate and HRV of the 24 cats were collected before and at least 1 h after administering the anesthetic drugs. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate heart function. Oscillometric blood pressure monitoring was used to obtain the mean blood pressure. After anesthetic drug administration, higher heart rates were found in cats premedicated and induced with alfaxalone (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.045) than in the other protocols. The lowest heart rate (HR) values were found in cats in protocol 4 using xylazine and Zoletil. The HRV low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) power ratios increased in all protocols except for cats premedicated and intubated with propofol. The standard deviation of the regular sinus beats (SDNN) was higher in cats premedicated and induced with ketamine than in other anesthetic protocols (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015). An increase in sympathetic activity and reduced HRV is associated with high blood pressure and left atrial dimension. The percentage of fractional shortening (FS) decreased in cats premedicated with ketamine. The results showed that the anesthesia method using diazepam and propofol caused the least disturbance of HRV compared with other anesthesia methods that were used in this study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51162-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T04:04:47Z","timestamp":1704254687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of anesthetic drug choice on heart rate variability and echocardiography parameters in cats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chattida","family":"Panprom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nakrob","family":"Pattanapon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soontaree","family":"Petchdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"51162_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2011.12.006","volume":"59","author":"T Kishi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kishi, T. Heart failure as an autonomic nervous system dysfunction. J. Cardiol. 59, 117\u2013122 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"51162_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00207-3","volume":"87","author":"M Karcz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karcz, M., Chojnowska, L., Zareba, W. & Ruzytto, W. Prognostic significance of heart rate variability in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol. 87, 75\u201381 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"51162_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1482","volume":"64","author":"T Kato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kato, T. et al. Changes in heart rate variability in horses during immersion in warm spring water. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64, 1482\u20131485 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"51162_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2018.e303","volume":"5","author":"N Pattanapon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pattanapon, N., Bootcha, R. & Petchdee, S. The effects of anesthetic drug choice on heart rate variability in dogs. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 5, 485\u2013489 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"51162_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-76382009000200018","volume":"24","author":"LC Vanderlei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vanderlei, L. C., Pastre, C. M., Hoshi, R. A., Carvalho, T. D. & Godoy, M. F. Basic notions of heart rate variability and its clinical applicability. Rev. Bras. Cir. Cardiovasc. 24, 205\u2013217 (2009).","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cir. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"51162_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-41626097","volume":"66","author":"MS Oliveira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oliveira, M. S. et al. Heart rate variability and arrhythmias evaluated with Holter in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 66, 425\u2013432 (2014).","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"51162_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2012.09.001","volume":"55","author":"B Xhyheri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xhyheri, B., Manfrini, O., Mazzolini, M., Pizzi, C. & Bugiardini, R. Heart rate variability today. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 55, 321\u2013331 (2012).","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"51162_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2006.03.009","volume":"15","author":"O Ozdemir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozdemir, O. et al. Relation between sympathetic overactivity and left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm. Heart Lung Circ. 15, 242\u2013247 (2006).","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"51162_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7055","volume":"56","author":"T Grubb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grubb, T. et al. 2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 56, 59\u201382 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"51162_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200612000-00038","volume":"105","author":"WL Terry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Terry, W. L. Hypotension, heart rate variability, and altered autonomic function. Anesthesiology 105, 1281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-200612000-00038 (2006).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"51162_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00216.x","volume":"33","author":"PJ Pascoe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pascoe, P. J., Ilkiw, J. E. & Frischmeyer, K. J. The effect of the duration of propofol administration on recovery from anesthesia in cats. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 33, 2\u20137 (2006).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"51162_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12006","volume":"40","author":"JK Maney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maney, J. K., Shepard, M. K., Braun, C., Cremer, J. & Hofmeister, E. H. A comparison of cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of an induction dose of alfaxalone or propofol in dogs. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 40, 237\u2013244 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"51162_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00503.x","volume":"37","author":"K Maddern","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maddern, K., Adams, V. J., Hill, N. A. & Leece, E. A. Alfaxalone induction dose following administration of medetomidine and butorphanol in the dog. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 37, 7\u201313 (2010).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"51162_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00406.x","volume":"35","author":"W Muir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muir, W. et al. Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of clinical and supraclinical doses of alfaxalone in dogs. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 35, 451\u2013462 (2008).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"51162_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2006.00297.x","volume":"34","author":"PJ Pascoe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pascoe, P. J., Ilkiw, J. E., Craig, C. & Kollias-Baker, C. The effects of ketamine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 34, 31\u201339 (2007).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"51162_CR16","first-page":"164","volume":"8","author":"JC Ko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ko, J. C., Abbo, L. A., Weil, A. B., Johnson, B. M. & Payton, M. A comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol- medetomidine in cats. Vet. Ther. 8, 164\u2013176 (2007).","journal-title":"Vet. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"51162_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05321.x","volume":"63","author":"R Hanss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hanss, R. et al. Does heart rate variability predict hypotension and bradycardia after induction of general anesthesia in high-risk cardiovascular patients?. Anesthesia 63(2), 129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05321.x (2008).","journal-title":"Anesthesia"},{"key":"51162_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5114","volume":"38","author":"LC Petrus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petrus, L. C. et al. Left atrial size and contractile function in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira. 38, 1622\u20131630 (2018).","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira."},{"key":"51162_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-022-00873-2","volume":"32","author":"Y Mukai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mukai, Y. et al. Effect of pulmonary vein isolation on the relationship between left atrial reverse remodeling and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin. Auton. Res. 32, 229\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-022-00873-2 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"51162_CR20","first-page":"152","volume":"16","author":"S Lupu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lupu, S., Mitre, A. & Dobreanu, D. Left atrium function assessment by echocardiography\u2014Physiological and clinical implications. Med. Ultrasound. 16, 152\u2013159 (2014).","journal-title":"Med. Ultrasound."},{"issue":"5","key":"51162_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.02.010","volume":"47","author":"E Lazzarini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lazzarini, E. et al. Intramuscular alfaxalone and methadone with or without ketamine in healthy cats: Effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 47(5), 621\u2013630 (2020).","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"issue":"8","key":"51162_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2005.40096.x","volume":"22","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schaefer, A. et al. Effects of anesthesia on diastolic function in mice assessed by echocardiography. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY) 22(8), 665\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2005.40096.x (2005).","journal-title":"Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"51162_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"93","author":"RK Buck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buck, R. K., Tordiffe, A. S. W. & Zeiler, G. E. Ketamine-medetomidine compared to tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine for immobilisation of semi-captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). JSAVA. 93(1), 1\u20137 (2022).","journal-title":"JSAVA."},{"issue":"1","key":"51162_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03996.x","volume":"60","author":"M Filipovic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Filipovic, M. et al. Predictors of long-term mortality and cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who survive major non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia. 60(1), 5\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03996.x (2005).","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"51162_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gianfranchesco Filippi, M., de Castro Ferreira Lima, M., Paes, A. C., Sarita Cruz Aleixo, A., Oba, E., Ferreira de Souza, F., Kiomi Takahira, R., & Gomes Louren\u00e7o, M. L. Evaluation of heart rate variability and behavior of electrocardiographic parameters in dogs affected by chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. PLoS ONE 14, 1\u201319 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216552.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216552"},{"key":"51162_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, J., Andersson, \u00c5. O., Falk, T., Nilsfors, L., OIsson, U., Kresken, J. G., H\u00f6glund, K., Rishniw, M., Tidholm, A., & Ljungvall, I. Effect of body weight on echocardiographic measurements in 19,866 pure-bred cats with or without heart disease. JVIM. 30(5), 1601\u20131611 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.14569","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14569"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51162-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51162-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51162-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1704528318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51162-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-51162-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2258811\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2258811\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"316"}}