{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:41:17Z","timestamp":1791981677060,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and Lancaster University Faculty of Science and Technology","award":["ST\/V506795\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/V506795\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Space weather has the potential to impact ground-based technologies on Earth, affecting many systems including railway signalling. This study uses a recently developed model to analyse the impact of geomagnetically induced currents on railway signalling systems in the United Kingdom during the March 1989 and October 2003 geomagnetic storms. The March 1989 storm is also scaled to estimate a 1-in-100 year and a 1-in-200 year extreme storm. Both the Glasgow to Edinburgh line, and the Preston to Lancaster section of the West Coast Main Line are modelled. No \u201cright side\u201d failures (when unoccupied sections appear occupied) are suggested to have occurred during either storm, and the total number of potential \u201cwrong side\u201d failures (when occupied sections appear clear) is low. However, the modelling indicates \u201cright side\u201d and \u201cwrong side\u201d failures are possible on both routes during the 1-in-100 year and 1-in-200 year extreme storms, with the Glasgow to Edinburgh line showing more total misoperations than the Preston to Lancaster section of the West Coast Main Line. A 1-in-100 year or 1-in-200 year extreme storm would result in misoperations over an extended period of time, with most occurring over a duration of 2\u20133 h either side of the peak of the storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51390-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T11:45:22Z","timestamp":1705578322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modelling electrified railway signalling misoperations during extreme space weather events in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cameron J.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciar\u00e1n D.","family":"Beggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma S.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Boteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"51390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1985.319126","volume":"PAS\u2013104","author":"R Pirjola","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pirjola, R. On currents induced in power transmission systems during geomagnetic variations. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. PAS\u2013104, 2825\u20132831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAS.1985.319126 (1985).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst."},{"key":"51390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2019.1010053","volume":"10","author":"D Boteler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boteler, D. & Pirjola, R. Numerical calculation of geoelectric fields that affect critical infrastructure. Int. J. Geosci. 10, 930\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ijg.2019.1010053 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosci."},{"key":"51390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis, Z. M., Wild, J. A., Allcock, M. & Walach, M.-T. Assessing the impact of weak and moderate geomagnetic storms on UK power station transformers. Space Weather. 20, e2021SW003021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021SW003021 (2022).","DOI":"10.1029\/2021SW003021"},{"issue":"4","key":"51390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(01)00108-2","volume":"48","author":"A Pulkkinen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pulkkinen, A., Viljanen, A., Pajunp\u00e4\u00e4, K. & Pirjola, R. Recordings and occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish natural gas pipeline network. J. Appl. Geophys. 48(4), 219\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0926-9851(01)00108-2 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"51390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boteler, D. H. & Trichtchenko, L. Telluric influence on pipelines. In Oil and Gas Pipelines, (ed. Revie, R. W.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119019213.ch21.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119019213.ch21"},{"key":"51390_CR6","unstructured":"Alm, E. Measures against geomagnetic disturbances in the entire DC track circuit for automatic signalling systems, original publication (in Swedish) Appendix 5f, Bet\u00e4nkande: ang\u00e5ende det tekniska utf\u00f6randet av signalanl\u00e4ggningar vid statens j\u00e4rnv\u00e4gar, 1956. Translation (in English). Infrastructure Resilience Risk Reporter. 1(10), 10\u201327. https:\/\/carleton.ca\/irrg\/journal\/ (2020)."},{"key":"51390_CR7","unstructured":"Lejdstr\u00f6m, B. & Svensson, S. Calculation of geomagnetic interference voltages in track circuits, original publication (in Swedish) Appendix 6, Bet\u00e4nkande: ang\u00e5ende det tekniska utf\u00f6randet av signalanl\u00e4ggningar vid statens j\u00e4rnv\u00e4sgar, 1956. Translation (in English). Infrastructure Resilience Risk Reporter. 1(10), 28\u201351. https:\/\/carleton.ca\/irrg\/journal\/ (2020)."},{"key":"51390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boteler, D. H. 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