{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:53:30Z","timestamp":1787003610439,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Specialised Zoological"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Genetic tagging from scats is one of the minimally invasive sampling (MIS) monitoring approaches commonly used to guide management decisions and evaluate conservation efforts. Microsatellite markers have traditionally been used but are prone to genotyping errors. Here, we present a novel method for individual identification in the Threatened ghost bat\n                    <jats:italic>Macroderma gigas<\/jats:italic>\n                    using custom-designed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays on the MassARRAY system. We identified 611 informative SNPs from DArTseq data from which three SNP panels (44\u201350 SNPs per panel) were designed. We applied SNP genotyping and molecular sexing to 209\n                    <jats:italic>M. gigas<\/jats:italic>\n                    scats collected from seven caves in the Pilbara, Western Australia, employing a two-step genotyping protocol and identifying unique genotypes using a custom-made R package, ScatMatch. Following data cleaning, the average amplification rate was 0.90\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01 and SNP genotyping errors were low (allelic dropout 0.003\u2009\u00b1\u20090.000) allowing clustering of scats based on one or fewer allelic mismatches. We identified 19 unique bats (9 confirmed\/likely males and 10 confirmed\/likely females) from a maternity and multiple transitory roosts, with two male bats detected using roosts, 9\u00a0km and 47\u00a0m apart. The accuracy of our SNP panels enabled a high level of confidence in the identification of individual bats. Targeted SNP genotyping is a valuable tool for monitoring and tracking of non-model species through a minimally invasive sampling approach.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51461-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:02:07Z","timestamp":1705881727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Species-specific SNP arrays for non-invasive genetic monitoring of a vulnerable bat"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rujiporn","family":"Thavornkanlapachai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle N.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Knuckey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Hanrahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kym","family":"Ottewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"51461_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400253","volume":"1","author":"G Ceballos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ceballos, G. et al. Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1400253 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"51461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.00607","volume":"2020","author":"MA Zemanova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zemanova, M. A. Towards more compassionate wildlife research through the 3Rs principles: Moving from invasive to non-invasive methods. Wildl. Biol. 2020, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2981\/wlb.00607 (2020).","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"51461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12600","volume":"11","author":"EL Carroll","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carroll, E. L. et al. Genetic and genomic monitoring with minimally invasive sampling methods. Evol. Appl. 11, 1094\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eva.12600 (2018).","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"51461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1071\/AM16030","volume":"39","author":"FM Carpenter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carpenter, F. M. & Dziminski, M. A. Breaking down scats: Degradation of DNA from greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) faecal pellets. Austr. Mammal. 39, 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AM16030 (2017).","journal-title":"Austr. Mammal."},{"key":"51461_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1071\/WR03096","volume":"31","author":"MP Piggott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piggott, M. P. Effect of sample age and season of collection on the reliability of microsatellite genotyping of faecal DNA. Wildl. Res. 31, 485\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/WR03096 (2004).","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"51461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1876","volume":"29","author":"CT Lamb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamb, C. T. et al. Genetic tagging in the Anthropocene: Scaling ecology from alleles to ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 29, e01876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.1876 (2019).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"51461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216549","volume":"14","author":"D Meng\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meng\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu, D., Fickel, J., Hofer, H. & F\u00f6rster, D. W. Non-invasive faecal sampling reveals spatial organization and improves measures of genetic diversity for the conservation assessment of territorial species: Caucasian lynx as a case species. PLoS\u00a0One 14, e0216549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216549 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"51461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-014-0613-0","volume":"15","author":"B Nussberger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nussberger, B., Wandeler, P., Weber, D. & Keller, L. Monitoring introgression in European wildcats in the Swiss Jura. Conserv. Genet. 15, 1219\u20131230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10592-014-0613-0 (2014).","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"51461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1588","volume":"5","author":"AJ Norman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Norman, A. J. & Spong, G. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based dispersal estimates using noninvasive sampling. Ecol. Evol. 5, 3056\u20133065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.1588 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"51461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esr067","volume":"102","author":"MJ Ford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ford, M. J. et al. Inferred paternity and male reproductive success in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) population. J. Hered. 102, 537\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jhered\/esr067 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"51461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12977","volume":"23","author":"KC Ruegg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruegg, K. C. et al. Mapping migration in a songbird using high-resolution genetic markers. Mol. Ecol. 23, 5726\u20135739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.12977 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO18040","volume":"66","author":"AMA Claramunt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Claramunt, A. M. A. et al. Determination of the diet of the ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia from dried prey remains and DNA metabarcoding. Aust. J. Zool. 66, 195\u2013200 (2018).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool."},{"key":"51461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.221","volume":"75","author":"M Panasci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Panasci, M. et al. Evaluation of fecal DNA preservation techniques and effects of sample age and diet on genotyping success. J. Wildl. Manag. 75, 1616\u20131624 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"51461_CR14","first-page":"89","volume":"63","author":"T Skrbin\u0161ek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skrbin\u0161ek, T. Effects of different environmental and sampling variables on the genotyping success in field-collected scat samples. Acta Biol. Slov. 63, 89\u201398 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Slov."},{"key":"51461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/WR06082","volume":"34","author":"O Berry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berry, O., Sarre, S. D., Farrington, L. & Aitken, N. Faecal DNA detection of invasive species: The case of feral foxes in Tasmania. Wildl. Res. 34, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/WR06082 (2007).","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"51461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-020-01444-4","volume":"67","author":"M Sittenthaler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sittenthaler, M. et al. Factors influencing genotyping success and genotyping error rate of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) faeces collected in temperate Central Europe. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 67, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10344-020-01444-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"51461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02207.x","volume":"13","author":"AM Nsubuga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nsubuga, A. M. et al. Factors affecting the amount of genomic DNA extracted from ape faeces and the identification of an improved sample storage method. Mol. Ecol. 13, 2089\u20132094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02207.x (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10647-w","volume":"7","author":"A von Thaden","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Thaden, A. et al. Assessing SNP genotyping of noninvasively collected wildlife samples using microfluidic arrays. Sci. Rep. 7, 10768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-10647-w (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"51461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01848.x","volume":"12","author":"AC Frantz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frantz, A. C. et al. Reliable microsatellite genotyping of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) using faecal DNA. Mol. Ecol. 12, 1649\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01848.x (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.16.3189","volume":"24","author":"P Taberlet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taberlet, P. et al. Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3189\u20133194 (1996).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"51461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01790.x","volume":"12","author":"JC Glaubitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glaubitz, J. C., Rhodes, O. E. Jr. & Dewoody, J. A. Prospects for inferring pairwise relationships with single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mol. Ecol. 12, 1039\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01790.x (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-021-01208-5","volume":"13","author":"R Ekblom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ekblom, R. et al. Sample identification and pedigree reconstruction in Wolverine (Gulo gulo) using SNP genotyping of non-invasive samples. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 13, 261\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12686-021-01208-5 (2021).","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR23","unstructured":"Threatened Species Scientific Committee. Conservation advice Macroderma gigas ghost bat. (Department of the Environment and Energy, http:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/biodiversity\/threatened\/species\/pubs\/174-conservation-advice-05052016.pdf, 2016)."},{"key":"51461_CR24","first-page":"382","volume-title":"Queensland's Threatened Animals","author":"J WorthingtonWilmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"WorthingtonWilmer, J. In Queensland\u2019s Threatened Animals (eds Curtis, K. L. et al.) 382\u2013383 (CSIRO Publishing, 2012)."},{"key":"51461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01092.pp.x","volume":"26","author":"SD Hoyle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoyle, S. D., Pople, A. R. & Toop, G. J. Mark\u2013recapture may reveal more about ecology than about population trends: Demography of a threatened ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) population. Austral Ecol. 26, 80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01092.pp.x (2001).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643108745","volume-title":"The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012","author":"JCZ Woinarski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woinarski, J. C. Z., Burbidge, A. A. & Harrison, P. L. The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 476\u2013480 (CSIRO Publishing, 2014)."},{"key":"51461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1071\/AM90015","volume":"13","author":"SK Churchill","year":"1990","unstructured":"Churchill, S. K. & Helman, P. M. Distribution of the Ghost Bat, Macroderma gigas, (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) in central and South Australia. Aust. Mammal. 13, 149\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AM90015 (1990).","journal-title":"Aust. Mammal."},{"key":"51461_CR28","unstructured":"Armstrong, K. N., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Hanrahan, N. M. & Burbidge, A. A. Macroderma gigas (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T12590A209530568 (2021)."},{"key":"51461_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/AM21042","volume":"45","author":"VA Cramer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cramer, V. A. et al. Research priorities for the ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Aust. Mammal. 45, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AM21042 (2022).","journal-title":"Aust. Mammal."},{"key":"51461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0115","volume":"257","author":"J Worthington Wilmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Worthington Wilmer, J., Moritz, C., Hall, L., Toop, J. & Pettigrew, J. D. Extreme population structuring in the threatened ghost bat, Macroderma gigas: Evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 257, 193\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1994.0115 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"51461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1071\/AM00093","volume":"22","author":"KN Armstrong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Armstrong, K. N. & Anstee, S. D. The ghost bat in the Pilbara: 100 years on. Aust. Mammal. 22, 93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AM00093 (2000).","journal-title":"Aust. Mammal."},{"key":"51461_CR32","first-page":"165","volume":"93","author":"K Armstrong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong, K. Assessing the short-term effect of minerals exploration drilling on colonies of bats of conservation significance: A case study near Marble bar, Western Australia. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 93, 165\u2013174 (2010).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. West. Aust."},{"key":"51461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO20055","volume":"67","author":"N Hanrahan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanrahan, N., Turbill, C., Armstrong, K. N., Dalziell, A. H. & Welbergen, J. A. Ghost bats exhibit informative daily and seasonal temporal patterns in the production of social vocalisations. Aust. J. Zool. 67, 305\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/ZO20055 (2019).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool."},{"key":"51461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.2307\/2640903","volume":"53","author":"J Worthington Wilmer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Worthington Wilmer, J., Hall, L., Barratt, E. & Moritz, C. Genetic structure and male-mediated gene flow in the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas). Evolution 53, 1582\u20131591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2640903 (1999).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"51461_CR35","first-page":"37","volume":"1","author":"GJ Toop","year":"1985","unstructured":"Toop, G. J. Habitat requirements, survival strategies and ecology of the ghost bat, Macroderma gigas, Dobson (Microchiroptera, Megadermatidae) in central coastal Queensland. Macroderma 1, 37\u201341 (1985).","journal-title":"Macroderma"},{"key":"51461_CR36","volume-title":"Bat Ecology","author":"T Kunz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kunz, T. & Fenton, M. B. Bat Ecology (University of Chicago Press, 2005)."},{"key":"51461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1071\/AM16010","volume":"40","author":"J Augusteyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Augusteyn, J., Hughes, J., Armstrong, G., Real, K. & Pacioni, C. Tracking and tracing central Queensland\u2019s Macroderma\u2014Determining the size of the Mount Etna ghost bat population and potential threats. Aust. Mammal. 40, 243\u2013253 (2018).","journal-title":"Aust. Mammal."},{"key":"51461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05544-x","volume":"47","author":"K Ottewell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ottewell, K. et al. Development and optimisation of molecular assays for microsatellite genotyping and molecular sexing of non-invasive samples of the ghost bat, Macroderma gigas. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47, 5635\u20135641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05544-x (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"51461_CR39","volume-title":"An Initial Investigation into the Genetic Diversity, Structure and Short-Range Spatial-Use by Ghost Bat in the Hamersley Subregion of the Pilbara","author":"PBS Spencer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spencer, P. B. S. & Tedeschi, J. An Initial Investigation into the Genetic Diversity, Structure and Short-Range Spatial-Use by Ghost Bat in the Hamersley Subregion of the Pilbara (Murdoch University, 2016)."},{"key":"51461_CR40","unstructured":"dartR: Importing and analysing SNP and Silicodart Data Generated by Genome-Wide Restriction Fragment Analysis. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dartR (2019)."},{"key":"51461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606","volume":"28","author":"X Zheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. A High-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data. Bioinformatics 28, 3326\u20133328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"51461_CR42","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2020)."},{"key":"51461_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","volume":"28","author":"R Peakall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research\u2014An update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537\u20132539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"51461_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.01185.x","volume":"10","author":"LP Waits","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waits, L. P., Luikart, G. & Taberlet, P. Estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural populations: Cautions and guidelines. Mol. Ecol. 10, 249\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.01185.x (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huntley, B. ScatMatch: Functions to aid error filtering from SNP genotype data and determine group majorities. R package version 1.0.0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5091145 (2021).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5091145"},{"key":"51461_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12157","volume":"14","author":"C Do","year":"2014","unstructured":"Do, C. et al. NeEstimator v2: Re-implementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size (Ne) from genetic data. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14, 209\u2013214 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-005-9100-y","volume":"7","author":"RS Waples","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waples, R. S. A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci. Conserv. Genet. 7, 167\u2013184 (2016).","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"51461_CR48","first-page":"167","volume":"7","author":"A Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones, A., Ovenden, J. & Wang, J. Improved confidence intervals for the linkage disequilibrium method for estimating effective population size. Heredity 7, 167\u2013184 (2016).","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"51461_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/152.4.1753","volume":"152","author":"M Lynch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lynch, M. & Ritland, K. Estimation of pairwise relatedness with molecular markers. Genetics 152, 1753\u20131766 (1999).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"51461_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12739","volume":"18","author":"CRM Attard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Attard, C. R. M., Beheregaray, L. B. & M\u00f6ller, L. M. Genotyping-by-sequencing for estimating relatedness in nonmodel organisms: Avoiding the trap of precise bias. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 381\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12739 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300033620","volume":"67","author":"K Ritland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ritland, K. Estimators for pairwise relatedness and individual inbreeding coefficients. Genet. Res. 67, 175\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0016672300033620 (1996).","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"51461_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13136","volume":"20","author":"A von Thaden","year":"2020","unstructured":"von Thaden, A. et al. Applying genomic data in wildlife monitoring: Development guidelines for genotyping degraded samples with reduced single nucleotide polymorphism panels. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 20, 662\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.13136 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02717.x","volume":"14","author":"PM Lukacs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lukacs, P. M. & Burnham, K. P. Review of capture\u2013recapture methods applicable to noninvasive genetic sampling. Mol. Ecol. 14, 3909\u20133919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02717.x (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.02.008","volume":"196","author":"B Goossens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goossens, B. et al. Habitat fragmentation and genetic diversity in natural populations of the Bornean elephant: Implications for conservation. Biol. Conserv. 196, 80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.02.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"51461_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3996\/112014-JFWM-080","volume":"7","author":"RR Fitak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fitak, R. R., Naidu, A., Thompson, R. W. & Culver, M. A new panel of SNP markers for the individual identification of North American Pumas. J. Fish Wildl. Manag. 7, 13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3996\/112014-JFWM-080 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Fish Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"51461_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.604","volume":"77","author":"S Lampa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lampa, S., Henle, K., Klenke, R., Hoehn, M. & Gruber, B. How to overcome genotyping errors in non-invasive genetic mark-recapture population size estimation\u2014A review of available methods illustrated by a case study. J. Wildl. Manag. 77, 1490\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jwmg.604 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"51461_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125684","volume":"10","author":"S Lampa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lampa, S., Mihoub, J.-B., Gruber, B., Klenke, R. & Henle, K. Non-invasive genetic Mark-Recapture as a means to study population sizes and marking behaviour of the elusive Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). PLoS\u00a0One 10, e0125684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0125684 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"51461_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1707","volume":"6","author":"F Pompanon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pompanon, F., Bonin, A., Bellemain, E. & Taberlet, P. Genotyping errors: Causes, consequences and solutions. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6, 847\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg1707 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"51461_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6016","volume":"10","author":"F Marandel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marandel, F. et al. Estimating effective population size using RADseq: Effects of SNP selection and sample size. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1929\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.6016 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"51461_CR60","unstructured":"Ottewell, K., McArthur, S., Leeuwen, S. V. & Byrne, M. Cave use by the Ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) at the West Angelas mine site. Final report to Biologic Pty Ltd. (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 2018)."},{"key":"51461_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9850705","volume":"33","author":"CR Tidemann","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tidemann, C. R., Priddel, D. M., Nelson, J. E. & Pettigrew, J. D. Foraging behaviour of the Australian Ghost Bat, Macroderma gigas (Microchiroptera: Megadermatidae). Aust. J. Zool. 33, 705\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/ZO9850705 (1985).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool."},{"key":"51461_CR62","unstructured":"Sun, R. & Ottewell, K. Cave use by the Ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) at Western Ridge mine site: SNP genotyping result corrected report 2020 (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, 2021)."},{"key":"51461_CR63","unstructured":"Ottewell, K., Thavornkanlapachai, R., McArthur, S. & Byrne, M. Cave use by the Ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Western Range mining precinct (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, 2020)."},{"key":"51461_CR64","unstructured":"Sun, R., Ottewell, K. & McArthur, S. Cave use by the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Brockman mining precinct. Final report to Biologic Pty Ltd. (Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, 2021)."},{"key":"51461_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3996\/122016-JFWM-093","volume":"9","author":"SJ Oyler-McCance","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oyler-McCance, S. J. et al. Genetic mark\u2013recapture improves estimates of maternity colony size for Indiana bats. J. Fish Wildl. Manag. 9, 25\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3996\/122016-JFWM-093 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Fish Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"51461_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01321.x","volume":"44","author":"SJ Puechmaille","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puechmaille, S. J. & Petit, E. J. Empirical evaluation of non-invasive capture\u2013mark\u2013recapture estimation of population size based on a single sampling session. J. Appl. Ecol. 44, 843\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01321.x (2007).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"51461_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300014","volume":"35","author":"J Lachance","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lachance, J. & Tishkoff, S. SNP ascertainment bias in population genetic analyses: Why it is important, and how to correct it. Bioessays 35, 780\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.201300014 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"51461_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4416-9","volume":"19","author":"DK Malomane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malomane, D. K. et al. Efficiency of different strategies to mitigate ascertainment bias when using SNP panels in diversity studies. BMC Genomics 19, 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-017-4416-9 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"51461_CR69","volume-title":"Population genetics of the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Pilbara bioregion","author":"K Ottewell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ottewell, K., McArthur, S., Leeuwen, S. V. & Byrne, M. Population genetics of the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) in the Pilbara bioregion (Unpublished report prepared for Biologic Environmental Survey Pty Ltd., 2017)."},{"key":"51461_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102626","volume":"56","author":"L Jansson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jansson, L. et al. Individual shedder status and the origin of touch DNA. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 56, 102626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102626 (2022).","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"51461_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2005)069<0396:EPSFDC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"69","author":"PM Lukacs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lukacs, P. M. & Burnham, K. P. Estimating population size from DNA-based closed Capture-Recapture data incorporating genotyping error. J. Wildl. Manag. 69, 396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2193\/0022-541X(2005)069%3c0396:EPSFDC%3e2.0.CO;2 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"51461_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00063659909477239","volume":"46","author":"GC White","year":"1999","unstructured":"White, G. C. & Burnham, K. P. Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46, 120\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00063659909477239 (1999).","journal-title":"Bird Study"},{"key":"51461_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00106","volume":"8","author":"R De Paoli-Iseppi","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Paoli-Iseppi, R. et al. Measuring animal age with DNA methylation: From humans to wild animals. Front. Genet. 8, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2017.00106 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"51461_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12247","volume":"14","author":"AM Polanowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polanowski, A. M., Robbins, J., Chandler, D. & Jarman, S. N. Epigenetic estimation of age in humpback whales. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14, 976\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12247 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12925","volume":"18","author":"PGR Wright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wright, P. G. R. et al. Application of a novel molecular method to age free-living wild Bechstein\u2019s bats. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 18, 1374\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.12925 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"51461_CR76","unstructured":"leafletR: Interactive web-maps based on the Leaflet JavaScript library (R package version 0.4-0, 2016)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51461-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51461-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51461-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T04:05:57Z","timestamp":1706155557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-51461-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-51461-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Author Ottewell is currently receiving \u2018fee for service\u2019 research funding for non-invasive genotyping of <i>M. gigas<\/i> from Biologic Environmental Survey. Author Knuckey is a current employee of Biologic Environmental Survey. All other authors have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1847"}}