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According to current knowledge, the diaphragmatic breathing pattern seems to be the most favourable. However, recent reports indicate that athletes often have dysfunctional breathing patterns, which may be associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The influence of the type of breathing pattern on the mechanical airways in athletes has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the characteristics and relationships between breathing patterns and respiratory function in athletes. This study included 69 Polish elite endurance athletes (\u264240, \u264029) in different sports disciplines and 44 (\u264217, \u264027) healthy nonathletes as a control group. All participants underwent pulmonary function tests (spirometry, plethysmography, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide) with assessment of breathing patterns by the Hi\u2013Lo test. Inspiratory and expiratory resistance (R) and reactance (X) of the respiratory system at a given frequency (5\u00a0Hz, 11\u00a0Hz, and 19\u00a0Hz) were measured by a noninvasive forced oscillation technique. In this study, almost half of the athletes (44.92%) had dysfunctional breathing patterns, although at a lower rate than that in the control group. Diaphragmatic breathing patterns were characterized by higher spirometric, plethysmographic and DLCO values compared to thoracic or abdominal breathing patterns. Similarly, lower inspiratory reactance at 5\u00a0Hz (X5%pred.) was observed in the diaphragmatic pattern compared to the thoracic pattern. A diaphragmatic breathing pattern is associated with better pulmonary function test results. However, this study revealed a dysfunctional breathing pattern in almost half of the athletes. These results suggest that the assessment of breathing patterns and the implementation of breathing exercises in athletes are essential to promote proper breathing patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51758-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1704963837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Influence of the breathing pattern on the pulmonary function of endurance-trained athletes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5591-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Sikora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6701-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Miko\u0142ajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"\u0141akomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u017bebrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Kostorz-Nosal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8598-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Jastrz\u0119bski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"51758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8120160","volume":"8","author":"DA Hackett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hackett, D. 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