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However, the immune effects of vitamin D in people with MS are not well understood. We analyzed transcriptomic datasets generated by RNA sequencing of immune cell subsets (CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, B cells, monocytes) from 33 healthy controls and 33 untreated MS cases. We utilized a traditional bioinformatic pipeline and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to determine genes and pathways correlated with endogenous vitamin D. In controls, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells had 1079 and 1188 genes, respectively, whose expressions were correlated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Functional enrichment analysis identified association with TNF-alpha and MAPK signaling. In CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells of controls, vitamin D level was associated with expression levels of several genes proximal to multiple sclerosis risk loci (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01). Genes differentially associated with endogenous vitamin D by case\u2013control status were enriched in TNF-alpha signaling via NF-\u03baB. WGCNA suggested a blunted response to vitamin D in cases relative to controls. Collectively, our findings provide further evidence for the immune effects of vitamin D, and demonstrate a differential immune response to vitamin D in cases relative to controls, highlighting a possible mechanism contributing to MS pathophysiology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51779-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T15:02:17Z","timestamp":1705417337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Transcriptomics identifies blunted immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in people with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei Z.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Stankovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Sampangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Laverick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Van der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilija","family":"Jokubaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Gresle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Butzkueven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"51779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15201","volume":"177","author":"WZ Yeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeh, W. 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AVdW served on advisory boards for Novartis, Biogen, Merck and Roche and NervGen. She received unrestricted research grants from Novartis, Biogen, Merck and Roche. She is currently a co-Principal investigator on a co-sponsored observational study with Roche, evaluating a Roche-developed smartphone app, Floodlight-MS. She has received speaker\u2019s honoraria and travel support from Novartis, Roche, Biogen and Merck. She serves as the Chief operating Officer of the MSBase Foundation (not for profit). Her primary research support is from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and MS Australia. HB has received institutional (Monash University) funding from Biogen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Merck, Alexion, CSL, and Novartis; has carried out contracted research for Novartis, Merck, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Biogen; has taken part in speakers\u2019 bureaus for Biogen, Genzyme, UCB, Novartis, F. 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