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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a prevalent condition in individuals over 45, is a leading cause of vision impairment in the elderly. This paper presents a comprehensive computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) framework to categorize fundus images into geographic atrophy (GA), intermediate AMD, normal, and wet AMD categories. This is crucial for early detection and precise diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), enabling timely intervention and personalized treatment strategies. We have developed a novel system that extracts both local and global appearance markers from fundus images. These markers are obtained from the entire retina and iso-regions aligned with the optical disc. Applying weighted majority voting on the best classifiers improves performance, resulting in an accuracy of 96.85%, sensitivity of 93.72%, specificity of 97.89%, precision of 93.86%, F1 of 93.72%, ROC of 95.85%, balanced accuracy of 95.81%, and weighted sum of 95.38%. This system not only achieves high accuracy but also provides a detailed assessment of the severity of each retinal region. This approach ensures that the final diagnosis aligns with the physician\u2019s understanding of AMD, aiding them in ongoing treatment and follow-up for AMD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52131-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T20:02:49Z","timestamp":1706558569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A concentrated machine learning-based classification system for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) diagnosis using fundus images"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aya A.","family":"Abd El-Khalek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam Magdy","family":"Balaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah Saleh","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer T.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohy Eldin A.","family":"Abo-Elsoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"52131_CR1","first-page":"513","volume":"117","author":"A Stahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stahl, A. 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