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However, inconsistent and low-quality heading exposure measurements limit past investigations of this effect. Here we conducted a comprehensive heading exposure analysis across all players on a university women\u2019s soccer team for over two calendar years (36 unique athletes), quantifying both game and practice exposure during all in-season and off-season periods, with over ten thousand video-confirmed headers. Despite an average of approximately 2 headers per day, players\u2019 daily exposures ranged from 0 to 45 headers, accumulating to highly variable total exposure of 2\u2013223 headers over each in-season\/off-season period. Overall, practices and off-season periods accounted for 70% and 45% of headers, respectively. Impact sensor data showed that heading kinematics fell within a tight distribution, but sensors could not capture full heading exposure due to factors such as compliance. With first-of-its-kind complete heading exposure data, we recommend exposure assessments be made on an individual level and include practice\/off-season collection in addition to games and competitive seasons. Commonly used group statistics do not capture highly variable exposures, and individualized complete heading exposure tracking needs to be incorporated in future study designs for confirming the potential brain injury risk associated with soccer heading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52163-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T08:02:14Z","timestamp":1705737734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Individualized monitoring of longitudinal heading exposure in soccer"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kenny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Elez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Clansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naznin","family":"Virji-Babul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndia C.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"52163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2016.1234472","volume":"24","author":"E Catenaccio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catenaccio, E. et al. Validation and calibration of HeadCount, a self-report measure for quantifying heading exposure in soccer players. Res. Sports Med. 24, 416\u2013425 (2016).","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"52163_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000518","volume":"29","author":"FJ Manalac","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manalac, F. J. & Loffreda-Mancinelli, C. Are we scoring a goal by banning headers from soccer? Clin. J. Sport Med. 29, 1\u20132 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"52163_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096276","volume":"51","author":"AP Kontos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kontos, A. P. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of football heading. Br. J. Sports Med. 51, 1118\u20131124 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. J. 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