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Our aim was to evaluate the presence of Granzyme B (GZMB) and Foxp3 CD4 T cells at different EBV infection status and latency profiles. We examined CD4, GZMB, Foxp3, IL10, TGF-\u03b2, CD4-GZMB and CD4-Foxp3 expression at the tonsils of pediatric patients with different infective status and EBV latency profiles. CD4+, GZMB+, Foxp3+, CD4-GZMB+ and CD4-Foxp3+\u2009cell counts were higher at the interfollicular region. Higher expression of CD4-GZMB was found in primary infected patients compared to healthy carriers. In patients that expressed latency III antigens, we demonstrated lower CD4+, CD4-GZMB+, CD4-Foxp3+\u2009expression; a negative correlation between the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10+\u2009and GZMB+\u2009as well as a positive correlation of IL-10+\u2009and CD4+. In patients expressing the lytic protein BMRF1, a positive correlation of TGF-\u03b2+\u2009with CD4-GZMB+\u2009and CD4-Foxp3+\u2009was observed. Our findings indicate that CD4-GZMB+\u2009cells are involved in the restriction of primary EBV infection in pediatric patients, which could partially explain the lack of symptoms, whereas both CD4-GZMB+\u2009and CD4-Foxp3+\u2009cells could be involved in the modulation of latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52666-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1706158944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tonsillar cytotoxic CD4 T cells are involved in the control of EBV primary infection in children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Amarillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustina","family":"Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Ferressini Gerpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"De Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Victoria","family":"Preciado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Chabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"52666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8496-1","volume":"58","author":"OL Hatton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hatton, O. 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