{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1782708931846,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are nature-based methods of managing urban stormwater runoff. Although they are widely used, some SuDS, such as highway filter drains (HFDs), are understudied with respect to sizing and performance. For the first time, we developed an analytical probabilistic model (APM) that can be used to design and estimate the hydrologic performance of HFDs. Unlike the conventionally used design-storm based or continuous simulation approaches, our APM can directly calculate the runoff capture ratios of HFDs using closed-form analytical equations. Validation of the APM presented here shows that it is robust and reliable. The relative differences between the APM-estimated and continuous simulation-determined runoff capture ratios for all the simulated design cases are less than 8.5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52760-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T06:02:10Z","timestamp":1706508130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and hydrologic performance estimation of highway filter drains using a novel analytical probabilistic model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniekan E.","family":"Essien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Khafagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Dickson\u2010Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"52760_CR1","unstructured":"The World Bank. Urban Development. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/urbandevelopment\/overview (2023)."},{"key":"52760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2014.916314","volume":"12","author":"TD Fletcher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fletcher, T. D. et al. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more\u2014The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J. 12, 525\u2013542 (2015).","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"52760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2018.04.006","volume":"46","author":"LA Sa\u00f1udo-Fontaneda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sa\u00f1udo-Fontaneda, L. A., Coupe, S. J., Charlesworth, S. M. & Rowlands, E. G. Exploring the effects of geotextiles in the performance of highway filter drains. Geotext. Geomembr. 46, 559\u2013565 (2018).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"52760_CR4","unstructured":"Highways England. CD 525: Design of combined surface and sub-surface drains and management of stone scatter. https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/prod\/attachments\/cf18fb19-ce74-4c07-9940-945c7fca4962?inline=true (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.08.047","volume":"529","author":"L Locatelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Locatelli, L. et al. Determining the extent of groundwater interference on the performance of infiltration trenches. J. Hydrol. (Amst) 529, 1360\u20131372 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. (Amst)"},{"key":"52760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.743","volume":"56","author":"JB Ellis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellis, J. B. & Rowlands, E. G. Highway filter drain waste arisings: A challenge for urban source control management?. Water Sci. Technol. 56, 125\u2013131 (2007).","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"52760_CR7","unstructured":"National Highways. Roads we manage. https:\/\/nationalhighways.co.uk\/our-roads\/roads-we-manage\/ (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19228","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9170-7","volume":"25","author":"LA Sa\u00f1udo-Fontaneda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sa\u00f1udo-Fontaneda, L. A., Jato-Espino, D., Lashford, C. & Coupe, S. J. Simulation of the hydraulic performance of highway filter drains through laboratory models and stormwater management tools. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 19228\u201319237 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"52760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2019.319","volume":"80","author":"G Mitchell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mitchell, G., Oduyemi, K. & Akunna, J. Road deposited sediment: Implications for the performance of filter drains servicing strategic trunk roads. Water Sci. Technol. 80, 747\u2013761 (2019).","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"52760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052791","volume":"13","author":"I Andr\u00e9s-Dom\u00e9nech","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s-Dom\u00e9nech, I., Anta, J., Perales-Momparler, S. & Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Sustainable urban drainage systems in Spain: A diagnosis. Sustainability 13, 1\u201322 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"52760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111173","volume":"275","author":"K McClymont","year":"2020","unstructured":"McClymont, K. et al. Towards urban resilience through Sustainable Drainage Systems: A multi-objective optimisation problem. J. Environ. Manag. 275, 111173 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"52760_CR12","unstructured":"Rowlands, G. & Ellis, B. Highway Filter Drain Maintenance and Re-Instatement: A Waste Management Issue. In 6th International Conference on sustainable techniques and strategies for urban water management (HAL open science, 2007)."},{"key":"52760_CR13","unstructured":"Cambridge City Council. Filter drains. https:\/\/www.cambridge.gov.uk\/media\/5465\/suds-design-and-adoption-guide-part-8.pdf."},{"key":"52760_CR14","volume-title":"Sustainable Water Engineering. Sustainable Water Engineering","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charlesworth, S. et al. (eds) Sustainable Water Engineering. Sustainable Water Engineering (Elsevier Science, 2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR15","volume-title":"Highway Filter Drains Maintenance Management","author":"T Stylianides","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stylianides, T. Highway Filter Drains Maintenance Management (Loughborough University, 2017)."},{"key":"52760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1039\/D2VA00294A","volume":"2","author":"A Essien","year":"2023","unstructured":"Essien, A., Guo, Y. & Dickson-Anderson, S. Extensive rainfall data analysis: event separation from continuous record, fitting of theoretical distributions, and event-based trend detection. Environ. Sci. Adv. 2, 695\u2013708 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"52760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benestad, R. E., Nychka, D. & Mearns, L. O. Specification of wet-day daily rainfall quantiles from the mean value. New pub: Stockholm uni Press 64, (2011).","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v64i0.14981"},{"key":"52760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab2bb2","volume":"14","author":"RE Benestad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benestad, R. E., Parding, K. M., Erlandsen, H. B. & Mezghani, A. A simple equation to study changes in rainfall statistics. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 084017 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"52760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd4ab","volume":"16","author":"RE Benestad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benestad, R. E. et al. Testing a simple formula for calculating approximate intensity-duration-frequency curves. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 044009 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"52760_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000593","volume":"18","author":"S Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, S. & Guo, Y. Analytical probabilistic model for evaluating the hydrologic performance of green roofs. J. Hydrol. Eng. 18, 19\u201328 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"52760_CR21","unstructured":"The UK Government. Road lengths in Great Britain: 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/road-lengths-in-great-britain-2021\/road-lengths-in-great-britain-2021 (2022)."},{"key":"52760_CR22","unstructured":"Northern Ireland Department of Infrastructure. The Northern Ireland Transport Statistics 2019\u20132020 statistical report has been published today. https:\/\/www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk\/news\/northern-ireland-transport-statistics-2019-2020-statistical-report-has-been-published-today (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR23","unstructured":"Coupe, S. J., Sa\u00f1udo-Fontaneda, L., Charlesworth, S. M. & Rowlands, E. G. Research on novel highway filter drain designs for the protection of downstream environments. In SUDSnet International Conference (SUDSnet, 2015)."},{"key":"52760_CR24","unstructured":"National Highways. Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works. National Highways https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/ha\/standards\/mchw\/vol3\/section1.htm (2021)."},{"key":"52760_CR25","unstructured":"National Highways. CD 533: Determination of pipe and bedding combinations for drainage works. https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/prod\/attachments\/a9226466-0852-4230-b306-4568cf8d4985?inline=true (2021)."},{"key":"52760_CR26","unstructured":"National Highways. CD 524: Edge of pavement details. https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/prod\/attachments\/76d9df3c-255b-4d48-87c8-6f30a1ba4a6d?inline=true (2021)."},{"key":"52760_CR27","unstructured":"National Highways. CG 501: Design of highway drainage systems. https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/prod\/attachments\/6355ee38-413a-4a11-989b-0f33af89c4ed?inline=true (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3390\/w12061767","volume":"12","author":"SI Yannopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yannopoulos, S. I., Grismer, M. E., Bali, K. M. & Angelakis, A. N. Evolution of the materials and methods used for subsurface drainage of agricultural lands from antiquity to the present. Water 12, 1767 (2020).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"52760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1680\/jinam.15.00005","volume":"2","author":"T Stylianides","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stylianides, T. et al. Highway filter drains: precursors for maintenance management. Infrastruct. Asset Manag. 2, 159\u2013172 (2015).","journal-title":"Infrastruct. Asset Manag."},{"key":"52760_CR30","unstructured":"West Sussex County Council. Section 278\/38 Highway Agreement Standard Details: Drawing Index Sheet. https:\/\/www.westsussex.gov.uk\/media\/15216\/standard_construction_details_res.pdf (2019)."},{"key":"52760_CR31","unstructured":"National Highways. Manual of contract documents for highway works volume 1 specification for highway works. https:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/ha\/standards\/mchw\/vol1\/pdfs\/MCHW Vol 1 Series 500 web PDF.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR32","unstructured":"SDS Limited. SDS tackles highway metals pollution. SDS https:\/\/www.sdslimited.com\/sds-tackles-highway-metals-pollution\/ (2018)."},{"key":"52760_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0477-y","volume":"28","author":"S Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, S. & Guo, Y. Stormwater capture efficiency of bioretention systems. Water Resour. Manag. 28, 149\u2013168 (2014).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"52760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06016001","DOI":"10.1061\/JSWBAY.0000809","volume":"2","author":"Y Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo, Y. & Gao, T. Analytical equations for estimating the total runoff reduction efficiency of infiltration trenches. J. Sustain. Water Built Environ. 2, 06016001 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Water Built Environ."},{"key":"52760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR02448","volume":"34","author":"Y Guo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guo, Y. & Adams, B. J. Hydrologic analysis of urban catchments with event-based probabilistic models: 2. Peak discharge rate. Water Resour. Res. 34, 3433\u20133443 (1998).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"52760_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1997.0204","volume":"36","author":"F Papa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Papa, F. & Adams, B. J. Application of derived probability and dynamic programming techniques to planning regional stormwater management systems. Water Sci. Technol. 36, 227\u2013234 (1997).","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"52760_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2012.104.0124","volume":"104","author":"E Creaco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Creaco, E. & Franchini, M. A dimensionless procedure for the design of infiltration trenches. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 104, 45\u201346 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"52760_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000408","volume":"138","author":"BR Chahar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chahar, B. R., Graillot, D., Gaur, S. & Chahar, B. R. Storm-water management through Infiltration trenches Storm Water Management through Infiltration Trenches. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 138, 274\u2013281 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"52760_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.170","volume":"64","author":"A Campisano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campisano, A., Creaco, E. & Modica, C. A simplified approach for the design of infiltration trenches. Water Sci. Technol. 64, 1362\u20131367 (2011).","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"52760_CR40","volume-title":"Probability Statistics and Decision for Civil Engineers","author":"JR Benjamin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Benjamin, J. R. & Cornell, C. A. Probability Statistics and Decision for Civil Engineers (McGraw Hill, 1970)."},{"key":"52760_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2010.0078","volume":"10","author":"MH Nielsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nielsen, M. H., Styczen, M., Ernstsen, V., Petersen, C. T. & Hansen, S. Distribution of bromide and microspheres along macropores in and between drain trenches. Vadose Zone J. 10, 345\u2013353 (2011).","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"52760_CR42","first-page":"22","volume":"40","author":"J Armitage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Armitage, J. & Macer-Wright, R. Rapid widening of the M25 at Heathrow. Concrete 40, 22\u201323 (2006).","journal-title":"Concrete"},{"key":"52760_CR43","unstructured":"Highways Agency. M25 Widening Junctions 16 to 23. https:\/\/data.parliament.uk\/DepositedPapers\/Files\/DEP2015-0264\/Environmental_Statement_Vol_1_M25_junction_16_to_23.pdf (2007)."},{"key":"52760_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2019.05.003","volume":"44","author":"Y Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Carsten, O. & Hibberd, D. A close examination of speed limit credibility and compliance on UK roads. IATSS Res. 44, 17\u201329 (2020).","journal-title":"IATSS Res."},{"key":"52760_CR45","unstructured":"Department for Transport\/Highways Agency. Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for Road Works and Temporary Situations. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/203669\/traffic-signs-manual-chapter-08-part-01.pdf (2009)."},{"key":"52760_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.095","volume":"565","author":"MO Rivett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivett, M. O. et al. Highway deicing salt dynamic runoff to surface water and subsequent infiltration to groundwater during severe UK winters. Sci. Total Environ. 565, 324\u2013338 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"52760_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2006.00033.x","volume":"20","author":"B Crabtree","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crabtree, B., Moy, F., Whitehead, M. & Roe, A. Monitoring pollutants in highway runoff. Water Environ. J. 20, 287\u2013294 (2006).","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"52760_CR48","unstructured":"Gloucestershire County Council. Technical Specification for New Streets. https:\/\/www.gloucestershire.gov.uk\/media\/2095270\/technical-specification-for-new-streets-2nd-edition.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"52760_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104078","volume":"85","author":"C Chapman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chapman, C. & Hall, J. W. Designing green infrastructure and sustainable drainage systems in urban development to achieve multiple ecosystem benefits. Sustain. Cities Soc. 85, 104078 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"52760_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115686","volume":"278","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Assessing the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from a green infrastructure-based urban drainage system. Appl. Energy 278, 115686 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"52760_CR51","unstructured":"Rossman, L. & Simon, M. Storm Water Management Model User\u2019s Manual Version 5.2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-04\/swmm-users-manual-version-5.2.pdf (2022)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56781-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52760-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52760-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52760-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T12:10:36Z","timestamp":1711109436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52760-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52760-7","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56781-0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56781-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56781-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2350"}}