{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:56:02Z","timestamp":1790031362712,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021R1A2C1012113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C1012113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has benefits for motor rehabilitation in stroke patients, but its clinical application is limited due to inter-individual heterogeneous effects. Recently, optimized tDCS that considers individual brain structure has been proposed, but the utility thereof has not been studied in detail. We explored whether optimized tDCS provides unique electrode positions for each patient and creates a higher target electric field than the conventional approach. A comparative within-subject simulation study was conducted using data collected for a randomized controlled study evaluating the effect of optimized tDCS on upper extremity function in stroke patients. Using Neurophet tES LAB 3.0 software, individual brain models were created based on magnetic resonance images and tDCS simulations were performed for each of the conventional and optimized configurations. A comparison of electrode positions between conventional tDCS and optimized tDCS was quantified by calculation of Euclidean distances. A total of 21 stroke patients were studied. Optimized tDCS produced a higher electric field in the hand motor region than conventional tDCS, with an average improvement of 20% and a maximum of 52%. The electrode montage for optimized tDCS was unique to each patient and exhibited various configurations that differed from electrode placement of conventional tDCS. Optimized tDCS afforded a higher electric field in the target of a stroke patient compared to conventional tDCS, which was made possible by appropriately positioning the electrodes. Our findings may encourage further trials on optimized tDCS for motor rehabilitation after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52874-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T12:02:20Z","timestamp":1706961740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Electric field simulation and appropriate electrode positioning for optimized transcranial direct current stimulation of stroke patients: an in Silico model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mi-Jeong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeun Jie","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Mi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Hoon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"52874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309336661","volume":"23","author":"DA Nowak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nowak, D. A., Grefkes, C., Ameli, M. & Fink, G. R. Interhemispheric competition after stroke: Brain stimulation to enhance recovery of function of the affected hand. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 23, 641\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968309336661 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"52874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311242","volume":"87","author":"N Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang, N., Summers, J. J. & Cauraugh, J. H. Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates motor learning post-stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 87, 345\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311242 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat."},{"key":"52874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.04.067","volume":"127","author":"L Tedesco Triccas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tedesco Triccas, L. et al. Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation and upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke: A review and meta-analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 946\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.04.067 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"52874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003","volume":"7","author":"S Wiethoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wiethoff, S., Hamada, M. & Rothwell, J. C. Variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex. Brain Stimul. 7, 468\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00181","volume":"9","author":"LM Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, L. M., Uehara, K. & Hanakawa, T. The contribution of interindividual factors to variability of response in transcranial direct current stimulation studies. Front. Cell Neurosci. 9, 181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2015.00181 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"52874_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","volume":"109","author":"A Opitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opitz, A., Paulus, W., Will, S., Antunes, A. & Thielscher, A. Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroimage 109, 140\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"52874_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18834","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation. Elife 6, 18834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.18834 (2017).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"52874_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.014","volume":"15","author":"S Minjoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Minjoli, S. et al. The impact of large structural brain changes in chronic stroke patients on the electric field caused by transcranial brain stimulation. Neuroimage Clin. 15, 106\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"52874_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103178","volume":"36","author":"J van der Cruijsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Cruijsen, J. et al. Addressing the inconsistent electric fields of tDCS by using patient-tailored configurations in chronic stroke: Implications for treatment. Neuroimage Clin. 36, 103178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103178 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"52874_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12006","volume":"44","author":"Z Manoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manoli, Z., Parazzini, M., Ravazzani, P. & Samaras, T. The electric field distributions in anatomical head models during transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke rehabilitation. Med. Phys. 44, 262\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12006 (2017).","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"52874_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.04.012","volume":"10","author":"W Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng, W. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for poststroke motor recovery: Challenges and opportunities. PM R. 10, S157\u2013S164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.04.012 (2018).","journal-title":"PM R."},{"key":"52874_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002","volume":"8","author":"I Laakso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laakso, I., Tanaka, S., Koyama, S., De Santis, V. & Hirata, A. Inter-subject variability in electric fields of motor cortical tDCS. Brain Stimul. 8, 906\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.016","volume":"14","author":"M Mosayebi-Samani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosayebi-Samani, M. et al. The impact of individual electrical fields and anatomical factors on the neurophysiological outcomes of tDCS: A TMS-MEP and MRI study. Brain Stimul. 14, 316\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.016 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"52874_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527(Pt 3), 633\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"52874_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.015","volume":"87","author":"S Bai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bai, S., Dokos, S., Ho, K. A. & Loo, C. A computational modelling study of transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in depression. Neuroimage 87, 332\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.015 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"52874_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.11.001","volume":"4","author":"A Datta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Datta, A., Baker, J. M., Bikson, M. & Fridriksson, J. Individualized model predicts brain current flow during transcranial direct-current stimulation treatment in responsive stroke patient. Brain Stimul. 4, 169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2010.11.001 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049","volume":"75","author":"JP Dmochowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dmochowski, J. P. et al. Targeted transcranial direct current stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke. Neuroimage 75, 12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"52874_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.05.015","volume":"132","author":"S Van Hoornweder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Hoornweder, S. et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on upper-limb function post-stroke: A meta-analysis of multiple-session studies. Clin. Neurophysiol. 132, 1897\u20131918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.05.015 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"52874_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.002","volume":"9","author":"PY Chhatbar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chhatbar, P. Y. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation post-stroke upper extremity motor recovery studies exhibit a dose-response relationship. Brain Stimul. 9, 16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259685","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121673","volume":"12","author":"YJ Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo, Y. J. et al. MRI-based personalized transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance the upper limb function in patients with stroke: Study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Brain Sci. 12, 1259685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12121673 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"52874_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106472","volume":"153","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. Fine-grained brain tissue segmentation for brain modeling of stroke patient. Comput. Biol. Med. 153, 106472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106472 (2023).","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"52874_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00710-2","volume":"32","author":"H McCann","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCann, H., Pisano, G. & Beltrachini, L. Variation in reported human head tissue electrical conductivity values. Brain Topogr. 32, 825\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-019-00710-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"52874_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e9","volume":"14","author":"MH Ko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko, M. H. Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurorehabilitation. Brain Neurorehabil. 14, e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e9 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil."},{"key":"52874_CR24","unstructured":"Guennebaud G. J. B. \u201cEigen, Version 3.\u201d (2010) http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org."},{"key":"52874_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0597","volume":"28","author":"M Caulo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caulo, M. et al. New morphologic variants of the hand motor cortex as seen with MR imaging in a large study population. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28, 1480\u20131485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A0597 (2007).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"52874_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26095","volume":"44","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Cortical structural changes after subcortical stroke: Patterns and correlates. Hum. Brain Mapp. 44, 727\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26095 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"52874_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003425","volume":"45","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Structural damage and functional reorganization in ipsilesional m1 in well-recovered patients with subcortical stroke. Stroke 45, 788\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003425 (2014).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"52874_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.162","volume":"10","author":"G Di Pino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Pino, G. et al. Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: A novel model for neurorehabilitation. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 597\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.162 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"52874_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.008","volume":"10","author":"MN McDonnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDonnell, M. N. & Stinear, C. M. TMS measures of motor cortex function after stroke: A meta-analysis. Brain Stimul. 10, 721\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.008 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104454","volume":"29","author":"DC Alisar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alisar, D. C., Ozen, S. & Sozay, S. Effects of bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation on upper extremity function in stroke patients: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 29, 104454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104454 (2020).","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"52874_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.05.025","volume":"98","author":"CL Koh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh, C. L., Lin, J. H., Jeng, J. S., Huang, S. L. & Hsieh, C. L. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with sensory modulation on stroke motor rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 98, 2477\u20132484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.05.025 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"52874_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2059-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"D Reato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reato, D., Rahman, A., Bikson, M. & Parra, L. C. Low-intensity electrical stimulation affects network dynamics by modulating population rate and spike timing. J. Neurosci. 30, 15067\u201315079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2059-10.2010 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"52874_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13640","volume":"46","author":"T Dissanayaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dissanayaka, T., Zoghi, M., Farrell, M., Egan, G. F. & Jaberzadeh, S. Does transcranial electrical stimulation enhance corticospinal excitability of the motor cortex in healthy individuals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 46, 1968\u20131990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.13640 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"52874_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117044","volume":"219","author":"O Puonti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puonti, O. et al. Accurate and robust whole-head segmentation from magnetic resonance images for individualized head modeling. Neuroimage 219, 117044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117044 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"52874_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.040","volume":"100","author":"J Vorwerk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vorwerk, J. et al. A guideline for head volume conductor modeling in EEG and MEG. Neuroimage 100, 590\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.040 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"52874_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1301-z","volume":"53","author":"MK Metwally","year":"2015","unstructured":"Metwally, M. K., Han, S. M. & Kim, T. S. The effect of tissue anisotropy on the radial and tangential components of the electric field in transcranial direct current stimulation. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 53, 1085\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-015-1301-z (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"52874_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108028","volume":"9","author":"D Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, D., Seo, H., Kim, H. I. & Jun, S. C. Computational study on subdural cortical stimulation\u2014The influence of the head geometry, anisotropic conductivity, and electrode configuration. PLoS ONE 9, e108028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108028 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"52874_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/21\/6961","volume":"57","author":"HS Suh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suh, H. S., Lee, W. H. & Kim, T. S. Influence of anisotropic conductivity in the skull and white matter on transcranial direct current stimulation via an anatomically realistic finite element head model. Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 6961\u20136980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/21\/6961 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"52874_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.10.003","volume":"186","author":"K Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, K. et al. Individual electric field predicts functional connectivity changes after anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation in chronic stroke. Neurosci. Res. 186, 21\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2022.10.003 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"52874_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.072","volume":"12","author":"D Antonenko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonenko, D. et al. Towards precise brain stimulation: Is electric field simulation related to neuromodulation?. Brain Stimul. 12, 1159\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.072 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.007","volume":"13","author":"KA Caulfield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caulfield, K. A. et al. Transcranial electrical stimulation motor threshold can estimate individualized tDCS dosage from reverse-calculation electric-field modeling. Brain Stimul. 13, 961\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.007 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"52874_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.001","volume":"13","author":"A Albizu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albizu, A. et al. Machine learning and individual variability in electric field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response. Brain Stimul. 13, 1753\u20131764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.001 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52874-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52874-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52874-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T12:03:25Z","timestamp":1706961805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-52874-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52874-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2850"}}