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Here we report on the discovery of a new Late Cretaceous mammal from southern Patagonia, <jats:italic>Patagomaia chainko<\/jats:italic> gen. et sp. nov., represented by hindlimb and pelvic elements with unambiguous therian features. We estimate <jats:italic>Patagomaia chainko<\/jats:italic> attained a body mass of 14\u00a0kg, which is considerably greater than the 5\u00a0kg maximum body mass of coeval Laurasian therians. This new discovery demonstrates that Gondwanan therian mammals acquired large body size by the Late Cretaceous, preceding their Laurasian relatives, which remained small-bodied until the beginning of the Cenozoic. <jats:italic>Patagomaia<\/jats:italic> supports the view that the Southern Hemisphere was a cradle for the evolution of modern mammalian clades, alongside non-therian extinct groups such as meridiolestidans, gondwanatherians and monotremes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53156-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T17:02:20Z","timestamp":1706979740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A large therian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of South America"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s R.","family":"Chimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico L.","family":"Agnol\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mars\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Tsuihiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando E.","family":"Novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"53156_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2307\/2406945","volume":"25","author":"RT Bakker","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bakker, R. 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