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Brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a promising modality for targeting neuropathology underlying chronic pain by converting recorded neural activity into perceivable outputs. Recent evidence suggests that increased frontal theta power (4\u20137\u00a0Hz) reflects pain relief from chronic and acute pain. Further studies have suggested that vibrotactile stimulation decreases pain intensity in experimental and clinical models. This longitudinal, non-randomized, open-label pilot study's objective was to reinforce frontal theta activity in six patients with chronic upper extremity pain using a novel vibrotactile neurofeedback BCI system. Patients increased their BCI performance, reflecting thought-driven control of neurofeedback, and showed a significant decrease in pain severity (1.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25 MAD, p\u2009=\u20090.03, q\u2009=\u20090.05) and pain interference (1.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.10 MAD p\u2009=\u20090.03, q\u2009=\u20090.05) scores without any adverse events. Pain relief significantly correlated with frontal theta modulation. These findings highlight the potential of BCI-mediated cortico-sensory coupling of frontal theta with vibrotactile stimulation for alleviating chronic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53261-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T11:15:37Z","timestamp":1707563737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A novel theta-controlled vibrotactile brain\u2013computer interface to treat chronic pain: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Phillip","family":"Demarest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabi","family":"Rustamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Adamek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hohyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuangyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Belsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Luczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Haroutounian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Leuthardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"53261_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3481-8","volume":"37","author":"N Hylands-White","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hylands-White, N., Duarte, R. 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This work was also supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01-EB026439, U24-NS109103, P41-EB018783, and Fondazione Neurone. Simon Haroutounian has received in the past 36\u00a0months research grants and contracts from the US National Institutes of Health, US Department of Defense, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and Eli Lilly, and personal fees from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Rafa Laboratories and GW Pharma, outside the scope of submitted work. Eric Leuthardt has stock ownership in Neurolutions, Osteovantage, Face to Face Biometrics, Caeli Vascular, Acera, Sora Neuroscience, Inner Cosmos, Kinetrix, NeuroDev, Inflexion Vascular, Aurenar, and Petal Surgical. He is a consultant for E15, Neurolutions, Inc., and Petal Surgical. Washington University owns equity in Neurolutions. All other authors do not report any conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3433"}}