{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:43:20Z","timestamp":1792863800776,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61735013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61735013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continuous monitoring of cardiac motions has been expected to provide essential cardiac physiology information on cardiovascular functioning. A fiber-optic micro-vibration sensing system (FO-MVSS) makes it promising. This study aimed to explore the correlation between Ballistocardiography (BCG) waveforms, measured using an FO-MVSS, and myocardial valve activity during the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle in participants with normal cardiac function and patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). A high-sensitivity FO-MVSS acquired continuous BCG recordings. The simultaneous recordings of BCG and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were obtained from 101 participants to examine their correlation. BCG, ECG, and intracavitary pressure signals were collected from 6 patients undergoing cardiac catheter intervention to investigate BCG waveforms and cardiac cycle phases. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) measured cardiac time intervals in 51 participants correlated with BCG intervals. The BCG recordings were further validated in 61 CHF patients to assess cardiac parameters by BCG. For heart failure evaluation machine learning was used to analyze BCG-derived cardiac parameters. Significant correlations were observed between cardiac physiology parameters and BCG's parameters. Furthermore, a linear relationship was found betwen IJ amplitude and cardiac output (r\u2009=\u20090.923, R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.926, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Machine learning techniques, including K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree Classifier (DTC), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost, respectively, demonstrated remarkable performance. They all achieved average accuracy and AUC values exceeding 95% in a five-fold cross-validation approach. We establish an electromagnetic-interference-free and non-contact method for continuous monitoring of the cardiac cycle and myocardial contractility and measure the different phases of the cardiac cycle. It presents a sensitive method for evaluating changes in both cardiac contraction and relaxation in the context of heart failure assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53464-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1707404573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Non-contact assessment of cardiac physiology using FO-MVSS-based ballistocardiography: a promising approach for heart failure evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Qiong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"53464_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2145-8","volume":"580","author":"D Ouyang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ouyang, D. et al. Video-based ai for beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac function. Nature. 580, 252\u2013256 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"53464_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015236","volume":"18","author":"J Zamorano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zamorano, J. et al. Non-invasive assessment of cardiac physiology by tissue doppler echocardiography. Eur. Heart J. 18, 330\u2013339 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"53464_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","volume":"13","author":"B Ziaeian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziaeian, B. & Fonarow, G. C. Epidemiology and etiology of heart failure. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 13, 368\u2013378 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"53464_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2361732","volume":"19","author":"OT Inan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Inan, O. T. et al. Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A review of recent advances. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 19, 1414\u20131427 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"53464_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31297","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31297","volume":"6","author":"CS Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, C. S. et al. Ballistocardiogram: Mechanism and potential for unobtrusive cardiovascular health monitoring. Sci. Rep. 6, 31297 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53464_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701004010201","volume":"4","author":"E Pinheiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pinheiro, E., Postolache, O. & Girao, P. Theory and developments in an unobtrusive cardiovascular system representation: Ballistocardiography. Open Biomed. Eng. J. 4, 201\u2013216 (2010).","journal-title":"Open Biomed. Eng. J."},{"key":"53464_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101145","volume":"19","author":"I Starr","year":"1940","unstructured":"Starr, I. & Schroeder, H. A. Ballistocardiogram. Ii. normal standards, abnormalities commonly found in diseases of the heart and circulation, and their significance. J. Clin. Invest. 19, 437\u2013450 (1940).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"53464_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1944.142.1.1","volume":"142","author":"JL Nickerson","year":"1944","unstructured":"Nickerson, J. L. & Curtis, H. J. The design of the ballistocardiograph. Am. J. Physiol. Legacy Content. 142, 1\u201311 (1944).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Legacy Content."},{"key":"53464_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(49)90413-1","volume":"7","author":"W Dock","year":"1949","unstructured":"Dock, W. & Taubman, F. Some techniques for recording the ballistocardiogram directly from the body. Am. J. Med. 7, 751\u2013755 (1949).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"53464_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17723","volume":"10","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Noncontact heartbeat and respiration monitoring based on a hollow microstructured self-powered pressure sensor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10, 3660\u20133667 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"53464_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2927165","volume":"24","author":"X Wen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wen, X., Huang, Y., Wu, X. & Zhang, B. A feasible feature extraction method for atrial fibrillation detection from BCG. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 24, 1093\u20131103 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"53464_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2931872","volume":"24","author":"S Hersek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hersek, S., Semiz, B., Shandhi, M. M. H., Orlandic, L. & Inan, O. T. A globalized model for mapping wearable seismocardiogram signals to whole-body ballistocardiogram signals based on deep learning. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 24, 1296\u20131309 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"15","key":"53464_CR13","first-page":"e010012","volume":"16","author":"F Marat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marat, F. et al. Use of a cardiac scale to predict heart failure events design of SCALE-HF1. Circ. Heart Failure. 16(15), e010012 (2023).","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Failure."},{"key":"53464_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-008-0307-2","volume":"57","author":"S Junnila","year":"2009","unstructured":"Junnila, S., Akhbardeh, A. & V\u00e4rri, A. An electromechanical film sensor based wireless ballistocardiographic chair: Implementation and performance. J. Signal Process. Syst. 57, 305\u2013320 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"53464_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-022-00206-7","volume":"8","author":"B Hoffmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoffmann, B. et al. Mechanical deconditioning of the heart due to long-term bed rest as observed on seismocardiogram morphology. Microgravity. 8(1), 25 (2022).","journal-title":"Microgravity."},{"issue":"22","key":"53464_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226675","volume":"20","author":"S Sieci\u0144ski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sieci\u0144ski, S. et al. Gyrocardiography: A review of the definition, history, waveform description, and application. Sens. Basel. 20(22), 6675 (2020).","journal-title":"Sens. Basel."},{"key":"53464_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07248-y","volume":"7","author":"M Jafari Tadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jafari Tadi, M. et al. Gyrocardiography: A new non-invasive monitoring method for the assessment of cardiac mechanics and the estimation of hemodynamic variables. Sci. Rep. 7, 6823 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53464_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38607-7","volume":"13","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., Cook, J. & Taebi, A. Non-contact heart vibration measurement using computer vision-based seismocardiography. Sci. Rep. 13, 11787 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53464_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0390-1","volume":"7","author":"K Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, K. et al. A dataset of radar-recorded heart sounds and vital signs including synchronised reference sensor signals. Sci. Data. 7, 50 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Data."},{"issue":"8","key":"53464_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00522-7","volume":"18","author":"K Bayoumy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bayoumy, K. et al. Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: Where we are and how to move forward. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 18(8), 581\u2013599 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"53464_CR21","first-page":"24","volume":"20","author":"I Rabkin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rabkin, I., Tkachenko, V. M. & Levina, G. A. Interrelationship of cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Kardiologiia. 20, 24\u201329 (1980).","journal-title":"Kardiologiia."},{"key":"53464_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.428664","volume":"46","author":"T Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Fu, X., Zhan, J., Chen, K. & Li, Z. Vital signs monitoring using the macrobending small-core fiber sensor. Opt, Lett. 46, 4228\u20134231 (2021).","journal-title":"Opt, Lett."},{"key":"53464_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.04.005","volume":"166","author":"N Risum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Risum, N. et al. Left bundle-branch block: the relationship between electrocardiogram electrical activation and echocardiography mechanical contraction. Am. Heart J. 166, 340\u2013348 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"53464_CR24","first-page":"751","volume":"54","author":"S Hirschfeld","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hirschfeld, S., Meyer, R., Korfhagen, J., Kaplan, S. & Liebman, J. The isovolumic contraction time of the left ventricle. An. Echog. Study. Circ. 54, 751\u2013756 (1976).","journal-title":"An. Echog. Study. Circ."},{"key":"53464_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002687","volume":"5","author":"B Tor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tor, B., Rasmus, M., Peter, S. & Jan, S. Cardiac time intervals measured by tissur doppler imaging m-mode: association with hypertension, left ventricular geometry, and future ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Am. Heart J. 5, e002687 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"27","key":"53464_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30871","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c08884","volume":"12","author":"YF Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y. F. et al. Spider-inspired ultrasensitive flexible vibration sensor for multifunctional sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12(27), 30871\u201330881 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"53464_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percival, D.B. & Walden, A.T. Wavelet methods for time series analysis. Cambridge University Press, (2000).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841040"},{"key":"53464_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474042","volume":"92","author":"DB Percival","year":"1997","unstructured":"Percival, D. B. & Mofjeld, H. O. Analysis of subtidal coastal sea level fluctuations using wavelets. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 92, 868\u2013880 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"53464_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8175.2003.03086.x","volume":"20","author":"T Tekten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tekten, T., Onbasili, A. O., Ceyhan, C., Unal, S. & Discigil, B. Novel approach to measure myocardial performance index: pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography. Echocardiography. 20, 503\u2013510 (2003).","journal-title":"Echocardiography."},{"key":"53464_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa72b0","volume":"38","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Yebra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Yebra, A. et al. Evaluation of respiratory and postural-induced changes on the ballistocardiogram signal by time warping averaging. Physiol. Meas. 38, 1426 (2017).","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"53464_CR31","first-page":"1871","volume":"9","author":"RE Fan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fan, R. E. et al. LIBLINEAR A library for large linear classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 1871\u20131874 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"53464_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","volume":"45","author":"LI Lin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin, L. I. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 45, 255\u2013268 (1989).","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"53464_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.07.034","volume":"25","author":"M Cheung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheung, M., Jeffrey, F., Andrew, N. & Michael, V. The effects of changes in loading conditions and modulation of inotropic state on the myocardial performance index: Comparison with conductance catheter measurements. Eur. Heart J. 25, 2238\u20132242 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-53464-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-53464-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-53464-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T19:03:22Z","timestamp":1707678202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-53464-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53464-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3269"}}