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Alternatively, principles of physical human\u2013human interactions (pHHI) can inspire pHRI that aids walking by engaging human sensorimotor processes. We hypothesize that low-force pHHI can intuitively induce a person to alter their walking through haptic communication. In our experiment, an expert partner dancer influenced novice participants to alter step frequency solely through hand interactions. Without prior instruction, training, or knowledge of the expert\u2019s goal, novices decreased step frequency 29% and increased step frequency 18% based on low forces (&lt;\u200920\u00a0N) at the hand. Power transfer at the hands was 3\u2013700\u2009\u00d7 smaller than what is necessary to propel locomotion, suggesting that hand interactions did not mechanically constrain the novice\u2019s gait. Instead, the sign\/direction of hand forces and power may communicate information about how to alter walking. Finally, the expert modulated her arm effective dynamics to match that of each novice, suggesting a bidirectional haptic communication strategy for pHRI that adapts to the human. Our results provide a framework for developing pHRI at the hand that may be applicable to assistive technology and physical rehabilitation, human-robot manufacturing, physical education, and recreation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53991-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T05:02:36Z","timestamp":1707800556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Low-force human\u2013human hand interactions induce gait changes through sensorimotor engagement instead of direct mechanical effects"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengnan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine E.","family":"Hackney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena H.","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"53991_CR1","first-page":"2129","volume":"2009","author":"DJ Reinkensmeyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reinkensmeyer, D. 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