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Compared with the unexposed age-matched elder group, PD-1 in the CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from recovered COVID-19 patients was significantly lower. IFN-\u03b3 in the plasma of COVID-19 convalescent patients was increased, which inhibited PD-1 expression in CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from COVID-19 convalescent patients. scRNA-seq bioinformatics analysis revealed that AKT\/GSK3\u03b2 may regulate the INF-\u03b3\/PD-1 axis in CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from COVID-19 convalescent patients. In parallel, an IFN-\u03b3 neutralizing antibody reduced AKT and increased GSK3\u03b2 in PBMCs. An AKT agonist (SC79) significantly decreased p-GSK3\u03b2. Moreover, AKT decreased PD-1 on CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, and GSK3\u03b2 increased PD-1 on CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells according to flow cytometry analysis. Collectively, we demonstrated that recovered COVID-19 patients may develop long COVID. Increased IFN-\u03b3 in the plasma of recovered Wuhan COVID-19 patients contributed to PD-1 downregulation on CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells by regulating the AKT\/GSK3\u03b2 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55191-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:02:37Z","timestamp":1709229757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IFN-\u03b3 decreases PD-1 in T lymphocytes from convalescent COVID-19 patients via the AKT\/GSK3\u03b2 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meijuan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingshun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningfei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"55191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.04.007","volume":"15","author":"AV Raveendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raveendran, A. 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