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To date, characterization of the serum metabolome of client-owned cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which shares numerous pathophysiological similarities to human CKD, has not been reported. CKD is a leading cause of feline morbidity and mortality, which can be lessened with early detection and appropriate treatment. Consequently, there is an urgent need for early-CKD biomarkers. The goal of this cross-sectional, prospective study was to characterize the global, non-targeted serum metabolome of cats with early versus late-stage CKD compared to healthy cats. Analysis revealed distinct separation of the serum metabolome between healthy cats, early-stage and late-stage CKD. Differentially abundant lipid and amino acid metabolites were the primary contributors to these differences and included metabolites central to the metabolism of fatty acids, essential amino acids and uremic toxins. Correlation of multiple lipid and amino acid metabolites with clinical metadata important to CKD monitoring and patient treatment (e.g. creatinine, muscle condition score) further illustrates the relevance of exploring these metabolite classes further for their capacity to serve as biomarkers of early CKD detection in both feline and human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55249-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T08:02:54Z","timestamp":1709020974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from client-owned cats with early and late-stage chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nora Jean","family":"Nealon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacie","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Quimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenessa A.","family":"Winston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"55249_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13511446","volume":"16","author":"CL Marino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marino, C. 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S.S. is a research consultant for IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. and has\u00a0previous work funded by Nestle Purina and IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. She has received a speaker honorarium from Royal Canin, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., and Boehringer-Ingelheim. Preliminary results from this analysis were presented in abstract form at the 2022 Annual Forum of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, held in Austin, Texas (ePoster NU30: Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Serum from Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease). J.Q.\u2019s work has been funded by EveryCat Health Foundation, Morris Animal Foundation, Nestle Purina, Trivium Vet, Zoetis. She has received compensation as a member of the scientific advisory board of Nestle Purina, Elanco, Zoetis. She also has consulted or served as a key opinion leader for Boehringer Ingelheim, Dechra, Elanco, Gallant, Heska, Hill\u2019s, IDEXX, Nestle Purina, Royal Canin, SN Biomedical, Vetoquinol, Zoetis and received compensation. J.A.W.\u2019s laboratory has been funded by EveryCat Health Foundation, Morris Animal Foundation, American Kennel Club\u2019s Canine Health Foundation, Nestle Purina, FDA, and National Institutes of Health. She has received speaker honorariums from Royal Canin, Nestle Purina, and DVM360.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4755"}}