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In the field of cigarette smoking, such biases have not been investigated yet. The present study thus adopted an open-ended scenario approach to measure smoking-related interpretation biases. Individuals who smoke, those who ceased smoking, and those without a smoking history (total sample <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009177) were instructed to generate spontaneous continuations for ambiguous, open-ended scenarios that described either a smoking-related or neutral context. Overall, people who smoke generated more smoking-related continuations in response to smoking-relevant situations than non-smoking individuals or people who had stopped smoking, providing evidence for a smoking-related interpretation bias. When differentiating for situation type within smoking-relevant scenarios, smoking individuals produced more smoking-related continuations for positive\/social and habit\/addictive situations compared to negative\/affective ones. Additionally, the tendency to interpret habit\/addictive situations in a smoking-related manner was positively associated with cigarette consumption and levels of nicotine dependence. Exploratory analyses indicated that other substance-related continuations were correlated with their respective behavioral counterparts (e.g., the level of self-reported alcohol or caffeine consumption). The present study is the first to demonstrate smoking-related interpretation biases in relation to current cigarette smoking. Future studies should investigate the causal role of such biases in the initiation and\/or maintainance of nicotine addiction and the merit of Interpretation-Bias-Modification training to support smoking cessation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55256-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T18:02:25Z","timestamp":1709056945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nicotine-related interpretation biases in cigarette smoking individuals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alla","family":"Machulska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella L.","family":"Woud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Brailovskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Margraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"55256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.09.021","volume":"86","author":"RW Wiers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wiers, R. 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