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The growing resistance of <jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> to antibiotics prompts to search for new therapeutic formulations. A promising candidate is <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG (BCG) with immunomodulatory properties. Biodegradable mucoadhesive chitosan is a good carrier for delivering BCG mycobacteria to the gastric mucosal environment. This study aimed to show whether BCG bacilli are able to increase the phagocytic activity of <jats:italic>Cavia porcellus<\/jats:italic>\u2014guinea pig macrophages derived from the bone marrow towards fluorescently labeled <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, to encapsulate live BCG bacilli, in spray-dried chitosan microparticles (CHI-MPs), and assess the pH-dependent release of mycobacteria in pH conditions mimicking gastric (acidic) or gut (alkaline) milieu. Microparticles (MPs) were made of chitosan and coated with Pluronic F-127-(Plur) or <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-Acetyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Glucosamine-(GlcNAc) to increase the MPs resistance to low pH or to increase anti-<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> effect, respectively. Spray-drying method was used for microencapsulation of live BCG. The biosafety of tested CHI-MPs has been confirmed using cell models in vitro and the model of guinea pig in vivo. The CHI-MPs loaded with BCG released live mycobacteria at pH 3.0 (CHI-GlcNAc-MPs) or pH 8.0. (CHI-Plur-MPs). The CHI-MPs loaded with live BCG can be used for <jats:italic>per os<\/jats:italic> inoculation of <jats:italic>Cavia porcellus<\/jats:italic> to check the effectiveness of delivered mycobacteria in increasing anti-<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> host response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55353-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T12:02:59Z","timestamp":1709035379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spray-dried pH-sensitive chitosan microparticles loaded with Mycobacterium bovis BCG intended for supporting treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Gonciarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Brzezi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Or\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedha Hari B.","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chmiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"55353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2614","volume":"7","author":"ME Davis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davis, M. 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