{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:55:09Z","timestamp":1793976909137,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open access agreement for Egypt"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017160","name":"Beni Suef University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Industrial by-products; have received a lot of attention as a possible precursor for cement and\/or concrete production for a more environmentally and economically sound use of raw materials and energy sources. Geopolymer is a potentially useful porous material for OPC binder applications. The use of industrial wastes to produce a greener geopolymer is one area of fascinating research. In this work, geopolymer pastes were developed using alkali liquid as an activator and metakaolin (MK), alumina powder (AP), silica fume (SF), and cement kin dust (CKD) as industrial by-products. Several geopolymer samples have been developed. Research has been carried out on its processing and related physical and mechanical properties through deep microstructure investigation. The samples were cured in water by immersion with relative humidity (95\u2009\u00b1\u20095%), and at room temperature (~\u200919\u201323\u00a0\u00b0C) prior to being tested for its workability and durability. The effect of the different composition of precursors on water absorption, density, porosity, and the compressive strength of the prepared geopolymers have been investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymers at 28\u00a0days of curing is directly proportional to the ratio of the alkali liquid. Ultimately, the best geopolymer paste mixture (GPD1 and GPD2), was confirmed to contain (15% of CKD\u2009+\u200985% MK and Alumina solution (55 wt%)) and (25% of CKD\u2009+\u200975% MK\u2009+\u2009Alumina solution (55 wt%)) respectively, with 73% desirability for maximum water absorption (~\u200944%) and compressive strength (4.9\u00a0MPa).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55494-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1709280229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Production, characterization and performance of green geopolymer modified with industrial by-products"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ramadan","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Abdelzaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Tantawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"55494_CR1","first-page":"5521","volume":"13","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A. Sustainable development goals for industry, innovation, and infrastructure: Demolition waste incorporated with nanoplastic waste enhanced the physicomechanical properties of white cement paste composites. ApplNanosci 13, 5521\u20135536 (2023).","journal-title":"ApplNanosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42318-4","volume":"13","author":"AC Ganesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganesh, A. C. et al. Development of alkali activated paver blocks for medium traffic conditions using industrial wastes and prediction of compressive strength using random forest algorithm. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 15152 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"55494_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.21608\/ejchem.2021.79255.3895","volume":"64","author":"H Saleh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saleh, H., Al-Kahlidi, M. U. R. T. A. D. A., Abulridha, H. A., Banoon, S. R. & Abdelzaher, M. A. Current situation and future prospects for plastic waste in maysan governorate: effects and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Egypt. J. Chem. 64(8), 4449\u20134460 (2021).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"55494_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u0131rg\u0131z, M. S., & Biricik, H. Alkali-activated hydraulic binder geopolymer with ground granulated blast furnace slag. In: Advance Upcycling of By-Products in Binder and Binder-based Materials (pp. 143\u2013152). (Woodhead Publishing, 2024). DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-90791-0.00016","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90791-0.00016"},{"key":"55494_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-020-01811-4","volume":"22","author":"R Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas, R., Khereby, M. A., Ghorab, H. Y. & Elkhoshkhany, N. Preparation of geopolymer concrete using Egyptian kaolin clay and the study of its environmental effects and economic cost. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 22, 669\u2013687 (2020).","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"55494_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13188","volume":"9","author":"W Okoro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okoro, W. & Oyebisi, S. Mechanical and durability assessments of steel slag-seashell powder-based geopolymer concrete. Heliyon 9(2), e13188 (2023).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"12","key":"55494_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121317","volume":"11","author":"H Castillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castillo, H. et al. Factors affecting the compressive strength of geopolymers: A review. Minerals 11(12), 1317 (2021).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.13635","volume":"18","author":"B Mendes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendes, B., Andrade, I. K., de Carvalho, J. M., Pedroti, L. & de Oliveira J\u00fanior, A. Assessment of mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymers produced from metakaolin, silica fume, and red mud. Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Technol. 18(1), 262\u2013274 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"55494_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113744","volume":"15","author":"KA Owaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owaid, K. A., Hamdoon, A. A., Maty, R. R., Saleh, M. Y. & Abdelzaher, M. A. Waste polymer and lubricating oil used as asphalt rheological modifiers. Materials 15(11), 3744 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14488353.2021.1953234","volume":"20","author":"S Oyebisi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oyebisi, S., Ede, A., Olutoge, F., Owamah, H. & Igba, T. Slag-based geopolymer concrete incorporating ash: Effects on thermal performance. Aust. J. Civ. Eng. 20(1), 208\u2013221 (2022).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-021-01323-3","volume":"24","author":"M Kaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaya, M. The effect of micro-SiO2 and micro-Al2O3 additive on the strength properties of ceramic powder-based geopolymer pastes. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 24(1), 333\u2013350 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"55494_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-020-00470-1","volume":"45","author":"SO Oyebisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyebisi, S. O., Ede, A. N. & Olutoge, F. A. Optimization of design parameters of slag-corncob ash-based geopolymer concrete by the central composite design of the response surface methodology. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 45, 27\u201342 (2021).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"55494_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.107128","volume":"191","author":"MAA Alvi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvi, M. A. A., Khalifeh, M. & Agonafir, M. B. Effect of nanoparticles on properties of geopolymers designed for well cementing applications. J. Petroleum Sci. Eng. 191, 107128 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Petroleum Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"55494_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15031008","volume":"15","author":"E Papa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papa, E., Landi, E., Miccio, F. & Medri, V. K2O-metakaolin-based geopolymer foams: Production, porosity characterization and permeability test. Materials 15(3), 1008 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"55494_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/350313","volume":"35","author":"MA Tantawy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tantawy, M. A. & Alomari, A. A. Extraction of alumina from Nawan kaolin by acid leaching. Oriental J. Chem. 35(3), 1013 (2019).","journal-title":"Oriental J. Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"55494_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-08378-3","volume":"35","author":"HU Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. U. et al. Innovative modeling techniques including MEP, ANN and FQ to forecast the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete modified with nanoparticles. Neural Comput. Appl. 35(17), 12453\u201312479 (2023).","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"55494_CR17","first-page":"7429","volume":"64","author":"R Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas, R., Shehata, N., Mohamed, E. A., Salah, H. & Abdelzaher, M. Environmental safe disposal of cement kiln dust for the production of geopolymers. Egypt. J. Chem. 64(12), 7429\u20137437 (2021).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"55494_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9007","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15249007","volume":"15","author":"R Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, R. et al. Effect of ordinary portland cement on mechanical properties and microstructures of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Materials 15(24), 9007 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"55494_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A., Hamouda, A. S., Ismail, I. M., & El-Sheikh, M. A. Nano titania reinforced limestone cement: physico-mechanical investgation. In: Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 786, pp. 248\u2013257). (Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2018).","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.786.248"},{"key":"55494_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"M AbdiMoghadam","year":"2019","unstructured":"AbdiMoghadam, M. & Izadifard, R. A. Experimental investigation on the effect of silica fume and zeolite on mechanical and durability properties of concrete at high temperatures. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"55494_CR21","first-page":"1105","volume":"62","author":"BA Balboul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balboul, B. A., Abdelzaher, M., Hamouda, A. S. & Zaki, A. H. Nano titania combined with micro silica reinforced limestone cement: Physico-mechanical investigation. Egypt. J. Chem. 62(6), 1105\u20131115 (2019).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"55494_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-022-02399-5","volume":"12","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A. & Shehata, N. Hydration and synergistic features of nanosilica-blended high alkaline white cement pastes composites. Appl. Nanosci. 12(5), 1731\u20131746 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"55494_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.07.014","volume":"14","author":"H Biricik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biricik, H. et al. Activation of slag through a combination of NaOH\/NaS alkali for transforming it into geopolymer slag binder mortar\u2013assessment the effects of two different Blaine fines and three different curing conditions. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 14, 1569\u20131584 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"55494_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tantawy, M. A., El-Roudi, A. M., Abdalla, E. M., &Abdelzaher, M. A. Fire resistance of sewage sludge ash blended cement pastes. J. Eng., 2013, (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/361582"},{"key":"55494_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124259","volume":"300","author":"D Polat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Polat, D. & G\u00fcden, M. Processing and characterization of geopolymer and sintered geopolymer foams of waste glass powders. Construct. Build. Mater. 300, 124259 (2021).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122177","volume":"275","author":"N Billong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Billong, N., Oti, J. & Kinuthia, J. Using silica fume based activator in sustainable geopolymer binder for building application. Construct. Build. Mater. 275, 122177 (2021).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling8050065","volume":"8","author":"KA Owaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Owaid, K. A., Ghazal, R. Y. & Avdelzaher, M. A. Study of the effect of modification of asphalt on the rheological properties employing microwave radiation\u2014an aging study. Recycling 8, 65 (2023).","journal-title":"Recycling"},{"key":"55494_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119604","volume":"258","author":"S Oyebisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oyebisi, S., Ede, A., Olutoge, F. & Ogbiye, S. Evaluation of reactivity indexes and durability properties of slag-based geopolymer concrete incorporating corn cob ash. Construct. Build. Mater. 258, 119604 (2020).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119390","volume":"256","author":"S Oyebisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oyebisi, S., Ede, A., Olutoge, F. & Omole, D. Geopolymer concrete incorporating agro-industrial wastes: Effects on mechanical properties, microstructural behaviour and mineralogical phases. Construct. Build. Mater. 256, 119390 (2020).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116708","volume":"228","author":"HM Khater","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khater, H. M. Hybrid slag geopolymer composites with durable characteristics activated by cement kiln dust. Construct. Build. Mater. 228, 116708 (2019).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-021-00068-4","volume":"15","author":"A Ashteyat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ashteyat, A., Obaidat, A., Kirgiz, M. & AlTawallbeh, B. Production of roller compacted concrete made of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate and silica fume. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 15, 987\u20131002 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"55494_CR32","first-page":"491","volume":"65","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A., Hamouda, A. S., El-Kattan, I. M. & Baher, A. Laboratory study for accelerating the CKD mineral carbonation. Egypt. J. Chem. 65(3), 491\u2013499 (2022).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"55494_CR33","first-page":"12152","volume":"4","author":"R Gowda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gowda, R., Narendra, H., Rangappa, D. & Prabhakar, R. Effect of nano-alumina on workability, compressive strength and residual strength at elevated temperature of Cement Mortar. Materi. Today: Proc. 4(11), 12152\u201312156 (2017).","journal-title":"Materi. Today: Proc."},{"key":"55494_CR34","unstructured":"ASTM C109\/C109M, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars, (2016)."},{"key":"55494_CR35","unstructured":"ASTM C191, Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicate Needle, (2013)."},{"issue":"2","key":"55494_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.06.018","volume":"35","author":"J Hu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hu, J. & Stroeven, P. Local porosity analysis of pore structure in cement paste. Cement Concrete Res. 35(2), 233\u2013242 (2005).","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res."},{"key":"55494_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-016-0468-9","volume":"41","author":"J Bu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bu, J. & Tian, Z. Relationship between pore structure and compressive strength of concrete: Experiments and statistical modeling. S\u0101dhan\u0101 41, 337\u2013344 (2016).","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"key":"55494_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.004","volume":"95","author":"R Kurda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kurda, R., de Brito, J. & Silvestre, J. D. Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash. Cement Concrete Compos. 95, 169\u2013182 (2019).","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Compos."},{"key":"55494_CR39","volume-title":"Standard Specifications for Portland Cement","author":"ASTM C150-07","year":"2007","unstructured":"ASTM C150-07. Standard Specifications for Portland Cement (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2007)."},{"key":"55494_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.075","volume":"186","author":"C Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng, C. et al. A review on microstructural study and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, paste and concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 186, 550\u2013576 (2018).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"55494_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.208","volume":"204","author":"YK Cho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cho, Y. K., Jung, S. H. & Choi, Y. C. Effects of chemical composition of fly ash on compressive strength of fly ash cement mortar. Construct. Build. Mater. 204, 255\u2013264 (2019).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"55494_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2022.2083022","volume":"27","author":"HU Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. U. et al. Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete composites: a systematic comprehensive review, analysis and modeling. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 27(3), 1383\u20131428 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.09.159","volume":"43","author":"M Ghanbari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghanbari, M., Hadian, A. M., Nourbakhsh, A. A. & MacKenzie, K. J. D. Modeling and optimization of compressive strength and bulk density of metakaolin-based geopolymer using central composite design: A numerical and experimental study. Ceram. Int. 43(1), 324\u2013335 (2017).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"55494_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3390\/w15040780","volume":"15","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A., Farahat, E. M., Abdel-Ghafar, H. M., Balboul, B. A. & Awad, M. M. Environmental policy to develop a conceptual design for the water\u2013energy\u2013food nexus: a case study in Wadi-Dara on the red sea coast. Egypt. Water 15(4), 780 (2023).","journal-title":"Egypt. Water"},{"key":"55494_CR45","first-page":"42","volume":"68","author":"M Kirgiz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirgiz, M. Supernatant nanographite solution for advance treatment of c class fly ash\u2013cement systems\u2013Part 2. Zkg Int. 68, 42\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Zkg Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2022.2050303","volume":"27","author":"A Kabirova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kabirova, A. et al. Physical and mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars containing various waste powders. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 27(1), 437\u2013456 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"14","key":"55494_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.05.219","volume":"44","author":"C Bai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bai, C. & Colombo, P. Processing, properties and applications of highly porous geopolymers: A review. Ceram. Int. 44(14), 16103\u201316118 (2018).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"55494_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13040992","volume":"13","author":"O Benjeddou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benjeddou, O., Ravindran, G. & Abdelzaher, M. A. Thermal and acoustic features of lightweight concrete based on marble wastes and expanded perlite aggregate. Buildings 13(4), 992 (2023).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"14","key":"55494_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143211","volume":"13","author":"DD BurduhosNergis","year":"2020","unstructured":"BurduhosNergis, D. D. et al. Revealing the influence of microparticles on geopolymers\u2019 synthesis and porosity. Materials 13(14), 3211 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"55494_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.02.026","volume":"120","author":"A Hajimohammadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hajimohammadi, A., Ngo, T., Mendis, P. & Sanjayan, J. Regulating the chemical foaming reaction to control the porosity of geopolymer foams. Mater. Design 120, 255\u2013265 (2017).","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"55494_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.10.004","volume":"60","author":"A Nazari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nazari, A. & Sanjayan, J. G. Hybrid effects of alumina and silica nanoparticles on water absorption of geopolymers: Application of Taguchi approach. Measurement 60, 240\u2013246 (2015).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"55494_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/abe9fa","volume":"3","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A. Experiential investigation on the effect of heavy fuel oil substitution by high sulfur petcoke on the physico-mechanical features and microstructure of white cement composites. Eng. Res. Express 3(1), 015028 (2021).","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"issue":"3","key":"55494_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2014.05.005","volume":"2","author":"T Alomayri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alomayri, T., Assaedi, H., Shaikh, F. U. A. & Low, I. M. Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of cotton fabric-reinforced geopolymer composites. J. Asian Ceramic Soc. 2(3), 223\u2013230 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceramic Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"55494_CR54","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"S Thokchom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thokchom, S., Ghosh, P. & Ghosh, S. Effect of water absorption, porosity and sorptivity on durability of geopolymer mortars. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 4(7), 28\u201332 (2009).","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"55494_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119028","volume":"252","author":"BB Jindal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jindal, B. B. & Sharma, R. The effect of nanomaterials on properties of geopolymers derived from industrial by-products: A state-of-the-art review. Construct. Build. Mater. 252, 119028 (2020).","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"55494_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3873","volume":"90","author":"ED Guerrero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrero, E. D., Mej\u00edas, R. C., Mar\u00edn, R. N., Lovillo, M. P. & Barroso, C. G. A new FT-IR method combined with multivariate analysis for the classification of vinegars from different raw materials and production processes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90(4), 712\u2013718 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"55494_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-016-5713-2","volume":"126","author":"A Bry\u015b","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bry\u015b, A. et al. Wood biomass characterization by DSC or FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Ther. Anal. Calorim. 126, 27\u201335 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Ther. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"55494_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0432-2","volume":"48","author":"SL Valcke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valcke, S. L., Pipilikaki, P., Fischer, H. R., Verkuijlen, M. H. & van Eck, E. R. FT-IR and 29 Si-NMR for evaluating aluminium\u2013silicate precursors for geopolymers. Mater. Struct. 48, 557\u2013569 (2015).","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"17","key":"55494_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172970","volume":"13","author":"G Dal Poggetto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal Poggetto, G. et al. FT-IR study, thermal analysis, and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of a MK-geopolymer mortar using glass waste as fine aggregate. Polymers 13(17), 2970 (2021).","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"55494_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middya, U., Graham, M. D., Luss, D. & Sheintuch, M. Pattern selection in controlled reaction\u2013diffusion systems. J Chem. Phys. 98(4), 2823\u20132836 (1993).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464111"},{"issue":"6","key":"55494_CR61","first-page":"100","volume":"122","author":"MO Yusuf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yusuf, M. O. Performance of aluminium shaving waste and silica fume blended mortar. Mag. Civ. Eng. 122(6), 100\u2013112 (2023).","journal-title":"Mag. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"55494_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00859-1","volume":"32","author":"H Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu, H. & Van Deventer, J. S. Microstructural characterisation of geopolymers synthesised from kaolinite\/stilbite mixtures using XRD, MAS-NMR, SEM\/EDX, TEM\/EDX, and HREM. Cement Concrete Res. 32(11), 1705\u20131716 (2002).","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res."},{"key":"55494_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49229-4","volume":"13","author":"MA Abdelzaher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelzaher, M. A., Hamouda, A. S. & El-Kattan, I. M. A comprehensive study on the fire resistance properties of ultra-fine ceramic waste-filled high alkaline white cement paste composites for progressing towards sustainability. Sci. Rep. 13, 22097 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"55494_CR64","first-page":"221","volume":"4","author":"CA Rosas-Casarez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosas-Casarez, C. A. et al. Experimental study of XRD, FTIR and TGA techniques in geopolymeric materials. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl 4(4), 221\u2013226 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl"},{"key":"55494_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16869-w","volume":"29","author":"S Memi\u015f","year":"2022","unstructured":"Memi\u015f, S. & B\u0131lal, M. A. M. Taguchi optimization of geopolymer concrete produced with rice husk ash and ceramic dust. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 15876\u201315895 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"55494_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143215","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Hu, C. & Chu, L. Microstructure, compressive strength and sound insulation property of fly ash-based geopolymeric foams with silica fume as foaming agent. Materials 13(14), 3215 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"8","key":"55494_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.04.125","volume":"41","author":"I Ozer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozer, I. & Soyer-Uzun, S. Relations between the structural characteristics and compressive strength in metakaolin based geopolymers with different molar Si\/Al ratios. Ceram. Int. 41(8), 10192\u201310198 (2015).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"55494_CR68","first-page":"803","volume":"115","author":"MS Kirgiz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirgiz, M. S. Pulverized fuel ash cement activated by nanographite. ACI Mater. J. 115(6), 803\u2013812 (2018).","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"55494_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-021-00760-2","volume":"46","author":"HI Elkhouly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elkhouly, H. I., Abdelzaher, M. A. & El-Kattan, I. M. Experimental and modeling investigation of physicomechanical properties and firing resistivity of cement pastes incorporation of micro-date seed waste. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 46, 2809\u20132821 (2022).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55494-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55494-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55494-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T12:05:53Z","timestamp":1709553953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55494-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55494-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5104"}}