{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:49:13Z","timestamp":1791802153362,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Base Bank for Lingnan Rice Germplasm Resources Project","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project","award":["NT2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NT2021001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32350610253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32350610253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lead (Pb) is toxic to the development and growth of rice plants. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been considered one of the efficient remediation techniques to mitigate Pb stress in plants. Therefore, a study was carried out to examine the underlying mechanism of iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) nanoparticle-induced Pb toxicity alleviation in rice seedlings. Si\u2013NPs (2.5\u00a0mM) and Fe-NPs (25\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were applied alone and in combination to rice plants grown without (control; no Pb stress) and with (100\u00a0\u00b5M) Pb concentration. Our results revealed that Pb toxicity severely affected all rice growth-related traits, such as inhibited root fresh weight (42%), shoot length (24%), and chlorophyll b contents (26%). Moreover, a substantial amount of Pb was translocated to the above-ground parts of plants, which caused a disturbance in the antioxidative enzyme activities. However, the synergetic use of Fe- and Si\u2013NPs reduced the Pb contents in the upper part of plants by 27%. It reduced the lethal impact of Pb on roots and shoots growth parameters by increasing shoot length (40%), shoot fresh weight (48%), and roots fresh weight (31%). Both Si and Fe\u2013NPs synergistic application significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) concentrations by 114%, 186%, 135%, and 151%, respectively, compared to plants subjected to Pb stress alone. The toxicity of Pb resulted in several cellular abnormalities and altered the expression levels of metal transporters and antioxidant genes. We conclude that the synergistic application of Si and Fe-NPs can be deemed favorable, environmentally promising, and cost-effective for reducing Pb deadliness in rice crops and reclaiming Pb-polluted soils.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55810-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T19:02:16Z","timestamp":1710270136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Silicon and iron nanoparticles protect rice against lead (Pb) stress by improving oxidative tolerance and minimizing Pb uptake"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fozia","family":"Ghouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samreen","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fasih Ullah","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humera","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafaqat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"55810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109557","volume":"250","author":"U Zulfiqar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zulfiqar, U. et al. Lead toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation. J. Environ. Manage. 250, 109557 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"55810_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"H Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali, H., Khan, E. & Ilahi, I. Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. J. Chem. 2019, 1\u201314 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"55810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04465-2","author":"P Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal, P., Vibhandik, R., Agrahari, R., Daverey, A. & Rani, R. Role of root exudates on the soil microbial diversity and biogeochemistry of heavy metals. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-023-04465-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"55810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.05.019","volume":"123","author":"D Baldantoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baldantoni, D., Morra, L., Zaccardelli, M. & Alfani, A. Cadmium accumulation in leaves of leafy vegetables. Ecotoxicol. Environ Saf 123, 89\u201394 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ Saf"},{"key":"55810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031083","volume":"21","author":"K Chibowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chibowska, K. et al. Pre- and neonatal exposure to lead (Pb) induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups. IJMS 21, 1083 (2020).","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"55810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.09.083","volume":"174","author":"FA Vega","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vega, F. A., Andrade, M. L. & Covelo, E. F. Influence of soil properties on the sorption and retention of cadmium, copper and lead, separately and together, by 20 soil horizons: Comparison of linear regression and tree regression analyses. J. Hazard Mater 174, 522\u2013533 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"55810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2015.1109607","volume":"18","author":"A Saghi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saghi, A., Rashed Mohassel, M. H., Parsa, M. & Hammami, H. Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by Sinapis arvensis and Rapistrum rugosum. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 18, 387\u2013392 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediat."},{"key":"55810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.131","volume":"216","author":"KR Hakeem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hakeem, K. R., Alharby, H. F. & Rehman, R. Antioxidative defense mechanism against lead-induced phytotoxicity in Fagopyrum kashmirianum. Chemosphere 216, 595\u2013604 (2019).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"55810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131205","volume":"451","author":"L Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng, L. et al. Carbonate-bound Pb percentage distribution in agricultural soil and its toxicity: Impact on plant growth, nutrient cycling, soil enzymes, and functional genes. J. Hazard. Mater. 451, 131205 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7030048","volume":"7","author":"QH Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le, Q. H., Tran, D. D., Chen, Y.-C. & Nguyen, H. L. Risk of lead exposure from transport stations to human health: A case study in the Highland Province of Vietnam. Toxics 7, 48 (2019).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"3","key":"55810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2018.1516246","volume":"35","author":"MS Islam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Islam, M. S. et al. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh. Geocarto Int. 35(3), 280\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2018.1516246 (2020).","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"55810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191139","volume":"13","author":"J Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y. & Jiang, Z. Effects of lead stress on the growth, physiology, and cellular structure of privet seedlings. PLoS ONE 13, e0191139 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"55810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.587785","volume":"11","author":"M Aslam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aslam, M. et al. Lead toxicity in cereals: Mechanistic insight into toxicity, mode of action, and management. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 587785 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168709","volume":"911","author":"F Ghouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghouri, F. et al. Alleviated lead toxicity in rice plant by co-augmented action of genome doubling and TiO2 nanoparticles on gene expression, cytological and physiological changes. Sci. Total Environ 911, 168709 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"55810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5463-x","volume":"22","author":"U Ashraf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashraf, U. et al. Lead toxicity in rice: Effects, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies\u2014A mini review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 18318\u201318332 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"55810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00259","volume":"8","author":"U Ashraf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashraf, U. et al. Lead (Pb) toxicity: Physio-biochemical mechanisms, grain yield, quality, and Pb distribution proportions in scented rice. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 259 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR17","unstructured":"The Combined Strategy for iron uptake is not exclusive to domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) | Scientific Reports. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-52502-0."},{"key":"55810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2022.100349","volume":"3","author":"G Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang, G. Iron uptake, signaling, and sensing in plants. Plant Commun. 3, 100349 (2022).","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"55810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080516-035312","volume":"55","author":"D Debona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Debona, D., Rodrigues, F. A. & Datnoff, L. E. Silicon\u2019s role in abiotic and biotic plant stresses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 55, 85\u2013107 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"55810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.09.063","volume":"147","author":"H Etesami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Etesami, H. & Jeong, B. R. Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 147, 881\u2013896 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.008","volume":"215","author":"H-Y Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, H.-Y. et al. The availabilities of arsenic and cadmium in rice paddy fields from a mining area: The role of soil extractable and plant silicon. Environ. Pollut. 215, 258\u2013265 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"55810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157718","volume":"849","author":"Y Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai, Y. et al. The Cd sequestration effects of rice roots affected by different Si management in Cd-contaminated paddy soil. Sci. Total Environ. 849, 157718 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132019","volume":"458","author":"F Ghouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghouri, F. et al. The protective role of tetraploidy and nanoparticles in arsenic-stressed rice: Evidence from RNA sequencing, ultrastructural and physiological studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 458, 132019 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140439","volume":"345","author":"M Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai, M. et al. Modulation of metal transporters, oxidative stress and cell abnormalities by synergistic application of silicon and titanium oxide nanoparticles: A strategy for cadmium tolerance in rice. Chemosphere 345, 140439 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"55810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.08.093","volume":"260","author":"S Hokkanen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hokkanen, S., Repo, E., Lou, S. & Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, M. Removal of arsenic(V) by magnetic nanoparticle activated microfibrillated cellulose. Chem. Eng. J. 260, 886\u2013894 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"55810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S99986","volume":"9","author":"A Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali, A. et al. Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. NSA 9, 49\u201367 (2016).","journal-title":"NSA"},{"key":"55810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.02.023","volume":"424","author":"P Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu, P. et al. Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 424, 1\u201310 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114728","volume":"264","author":"A Latif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latif, A. et al. Remediation of heavy metals polluted environment using Fe-based nanoparticles: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and environmental implications. Environ. Pollut. 264, 114728 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"55810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.01.118","volume":"173","author":"A Hussain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussain, A. et al. Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants grown in a Cd contaminated soil to the application of iron oxide nanoparticles. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 173, 156\u2013164 (2019).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01897","volume":"50","author":"Y Zou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zou, Y. et al. Environmental remediation and application of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites for the removal of heavy metal ions: A review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 7290\u20137304 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"55810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9010002","volume":"9","author":"S Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan, S. et al. Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) mitigate arsenic toxicity in rice seedlings. Toxics 9, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"55810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0681-z","volume":"25","author":"R Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, R., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y., Huang, Y. & Liu, Z. Foliar application with nano-silicon reduced cadmium accumulation in grains by inhibiting cadmium translocation in rice plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 2361\u20132368 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"55810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01420-x","volume":"20","author":"J Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du, J. et al. Silica nanoparticles protect rice against biotic and abiotic stresses. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20, 197 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"55810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01753-7","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Silica nanoparticles promote wheat growth by mediating hormones and sugar metabolism. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21, 2 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"55810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00046","volume":"4","author":"DK Tripathi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tripathi, D. K. et al. Silicon nanoparticles more efficiently alleviate arsenate toxicity than silicon in maize cultiver and hybrid differing in arsenate tolerance. Front. Environ. Sci. 4, 46 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR36","first-page":"100457","volume":"10","author":"GNG Saritha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saritha, G. N. G., Anju, T. & Kumar, A. Nanotechnology\u2014Big impact: How nanotechnology is changing the future of agriculture?. J. Agric. Food Res. 10, 100457 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"55810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020661","volume":"28","author":"S Malik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malik, S., Muhammad, K. & Waheed, Y. Nanotechnology: A revolution in modern industry. Molecules 28, 661 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"55810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.05.061","volume":"322","author":"M Rizwan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rizwan, M. et al. Effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiology of globally important food crops: A critical review. J. Hazard. Mater. 322, 2\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145221","volume":"769","author":"N Manzoor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manzoor, N. et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles ameliorated the cadmium and salinity stresses in wheat plants, facilitating photosynthetic pigments and restricting cadmium uptake. Sci. Total Environ. 769, 145221 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10413-3","volume":"41","author":"MS Haydar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haydar, M. S., Ghosh, S. & Mandal, P. Application of iron oxide nanoparticles as micronutrient fertilizer in mulberry propagation. J. Plant Growth Regul. 41, 1726\u20131746 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"55810_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2738-2","volume":"227","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, R., Zhang, H. & Lal, R. Effects of stabilized nanoparticles of copper, zinc, manganese, and Iron oxides in low concentrations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed germination: Nanotoxicants or nanonutrients?. Water Air Soil Pollut. 227, 42 (2016).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"55810_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2016.07.004","volume":"131","author":"MF Iannone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iannone, M. F. et al. Impact of magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development: Evaluation of oxidative damage. Environ. Exp. Bot. 131, 77\u201388 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"55810_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichtenthaler, H. K. [34] Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In Methods in Enzymology vol. 148 350\u2013382 (Academic Press, 1987).","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1"},{"key":"55810_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130991","volume":"448","author":"F Ghouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghouri, F. et al. Polyploidy and zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviated Cd toxicity in rice by modulating oxidative stress and expression levels of sucrose and metal-transporter genes. J. Hazard. Mater. 448, 130991 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127175","volume":"423","author":"M Riaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riaz, M., Kamran, M., Rizwan, M., Ali, S. & Wang, X. Foliar application of silica sol alleviates boron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. J. Hazard. Mater. 423, 127175 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method. Methods 25, 402\u2013408 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"55810_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112601","volume":"15","author":"G Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, G., Lei, M., Wang, Y., Song, B. & Yang, J. Accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in sixteen wheat cultivars grown in contaminated soils and associated health risk assessment. IJERPH 15, 2601 (2018).","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"55810_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/03601238909372667","volume":"24","author":"S Muramoto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Muramoto, S. Heavy metal tolerance of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) to some metal oxides at the critical levels. J. Environ Sci. Health Part B 24, 559\u2013656 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Environ Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"55810_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11864","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04517-3","volume":"26","author":"M Okant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okant, M. & Kaya, C. The role of endogenous nitric oxide in melatonin-improved tolerance to lead toxicity in maize plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 11864\u201311874 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"55810_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9165-z","volume":"145","author":"L Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Silicate-mediated alleviation of Pb toxicity in banana grown in Pb-contaminated soil. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 145, 101\u2013108 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"55810_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010115","volume":"12","author":"RU Saman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saman, R. U. et al. Foliar application of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) improves the growth and yield of brown mustard (Brassica juncea) by modulating photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant defense, and osmolyte production under lead (Pb) stress. Plants 12, 115 (2022).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"55810_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129690","volume":"273","author":"M Riaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riaz, M. et al. Cadmium uptake and translocation: selenium and silicon roles in Cd detoxification for the production of low Cd crops: A critical review. Chemosphere 273, 129690 (2021).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"55810_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil et al. Copper (Cu) stress affects carbon and antioxidant metabolism in Coffea arabica seedlings. Aust J Crop Sci 11, 960\u2013967 (2017).","DOI":"10.21475\/ajcs.17.11.08.pne445"},{"key":"55810_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3390\/su9050790","volume":"9","author":"A Konate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Konate, A. et al. Magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles reduce heavy metals uptake and mitigate their toxicity in wheat seedling. Sustainability 9, 790 (2017).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"55810_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138224","volume":"323","author":"J Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, J. et al. Bacillus mycoides PM35 in combination with titanium dioxide (TiO2)\u23afNanoparticles enhanced morpho-physio-biochemical attributes in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under cadmium stress. Chemosphere 323, 138224 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"55810_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136497","volume":"712","author":"B Hussain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussain, B. et al. Foliage application of selenium and silicon nanoparticles alleviates Cd and Pb toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci. Total Environ. 712, 136497 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55810_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112437","volume":"221","author":"M Rizwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rizwan, M. et al. Effects of nanoparticles on trace element uptake and toxicity in plants: A review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 221, 112437 (2021).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55810_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75`79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04210-5","volume":"26","author":"A Hussain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussain, A., Rizwan, M., Ali, Q. & Ali, S. Seed priming with silicon nanoparticles improved the biomass and yield while reduced the oxidative stress and cadmium concentration in wheat grains. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 75`79-7588 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"55810_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.05.038","volume":"166","author":"S Ur Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ur Rahman, S. et al. Silicon elevated cadmium tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by endorsing nutrients uptake and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the leaves. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 166, 148\u2013159 (2021).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"55810_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130567","volume":"445","author":"CO Ogunkunle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ogunkunle, C. O. et al. Foliar application of nanoceria attenuated cadmium stress in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). J. Hazard. Mater. 445, 130567 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"55810_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111616","volume":"208","author":"Y Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Enhanced vacuole compartmentalization of cadmium in root cells contributes to glutathione-induced reduction of cadmium translocation from roots to shoots in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 208, 111616 (2021).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55810_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032681","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1032681","volume":"13","author":"G Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, G. et al. Sulfur reduces the root-to-shoot translocation of arsenic and cadmium by regulating their vacuolar sequestration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Front. Plant Sci. 13, 1032681 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.00765","volume":"176","author":"O Leyser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leyser, O. Auxin signaling. Plant Physiol. 176, 465\u2013479 (2018).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"55810_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.102236","volume":"145","author":"S Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, S., Kim, Y.-Y., Lee, Y. & An, G. Rice P1B-type heavy-metal ATPase, OsHMA9, is a metal efflux protein. Plant Physiol. 145, 831\u2013842 (2007).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"55810_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EN00487A","volume":"9","author":"G Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, G. et al. Regulation of iron and cadmium uptake in rice roots by iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: Insights from iron plaque formation, gene expression, and nanoparticle accumulation. Environ. Sci. Nano 9, 4093\u20134103 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"55810_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00652","volume":"10","author":"Y Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin, Y. et al. Deficiency in silicon transporter Lsi1 compromises inducibility of anti-herbivore defense in rice plants. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 652 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-8433-6-16","volume":"6","author":"RN Itai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Itai, R. N., Ogo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Nakanishi, H. & Nishizawa, N. K. Rice genes involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis are synchronously regulated during the early stages of iron deficiency in roots. Rice 6, 16 (2013).","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"55810_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2018.10.003","volume":"278","author":"C Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang, C. et al. Lsi1 modulates the antioxidant capacity of rice and protects against ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Sci. 278, 96\u2013106 (2019).","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"55810_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16335","volume":"226","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, P., Yamaji, N., Inoue, K., Mochida, K. & Ma, J. F. Plastic transport systems of rice for mineral elements in response to diverse soil environmental changes. New Phytol. 226, 156\u2013169 (2020).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"55810_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.05.026","volume":"120","author":"M Vacul\u00edk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vacul\u00edk, M., Pavlovi\u010d, A. & Lux, A. Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity by enhanced photosynthetic rate and modified bundle sheath\u2019s cell chloroplasts ultrastructure in maize. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 120, 66\u201373 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"55810_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-016-0989-4","volume":"254","author":"GB Pompeu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pompeu, G. B. et al. Abscisic acid-deficient sit tomato mutant responses to cadmium-induced stress. Protoplasma 254, 771\u2013783 (2017).","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"55810_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers329","volume":"64","author":"J Van Bockhaven","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Bockhaven, J., De Vleesschauwer, D. & H\u00f6fte, M. Towards establishing broad-spectrum disease resistance in plants: Silicon leads the way. J. Exp. Bot. 64, 1281\u20131293 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"55810_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8030071","volume":"8","author":"JA Bhat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhat, J. A. et al. Role of silicon in mitigation of heavy metal stresses in crop plants. Plants 8, 71 (2019).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"55810_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1166-0","volume":"11","author":"S G\u0142azowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u0142azowska, S. et al. The impact of silicon on cell wall composition and enzymatic saccharification of Brachypodium distachyon. Biotechnol. Biofuels 11, 171 (2018).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55810-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55810-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55810-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T16:05:15Z","timestamp":1710518715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55810-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55810-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5986"}}