{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:08:09Z","timestamp":1793977689072,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper presents a cutting-edge Sustainable Power Management System for Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) using a Hybrid Energy Storage Solution (HESS) integrated with Machine Learning (ML)-enhanced control. The system's central feature is its ability to harness renewable energy sources, such as Photovoltaic (PV) panels and supercapacitors, which overcome traditional battery-dependent constraints. The proposed control algorithm orchestrates power sharing among the battery, supercapacitor, and PV sources, optimizing the utilization of available renewable energy and ensuring stringent voltage regulation of the DC bus. Notably, the ML-based control ensures precise torque and speed regulation, resulting in significantly reduced torque ripple and transient response times. In practical terms, the system maintains the DC bus voltage within a mere 2.7% deviation from the nominal value under various operating conditions, a substantial improvement over existing systems. Furthermore, the supercapacitor excels at managing rapid variations in load power, while the battery adjusts smoothly to meet the demands. Simulation results confirm the system's robust performance. The HESS effectively maintains voltage stability, even under the most challenging conditions. Additionally, its torque response is exceptionally robust, with negligible steady-state torque ripple and fast transient response times. The system also handles speed reversal commands efficiently, a vital feature for real-world applications. By showcasing these capabilities, the paper lays the groundwork for a more sustainable and efficient future for LEVs, suggesting pathways for scalable and advanced electric mobility solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55988-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T12:02:40Z","timestamp":1709812960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Sustainable power management in light electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage and machine learning control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Punyavathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind R.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milkias Berhanu","family":"Tuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vojtech","family":"Blazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"55988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000921","volume":"59","author":"G Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, G. Data collection in MI-assisted wireless powered underground sensor networks: Directions, recent advances, and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 59, 132\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000921 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"55988_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129680","volume":"288","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, C., Wu, Z., Li, X. & Fars, A. Risk-constrained stochastic scheduling for energy hub: Integrating renewables, demand response, and electric vehicles. Energy 288, 129680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129680 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24672","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3198046","volume":"23","author":"G Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, G., Sheng, L., Luo, L. & Yu, H. Game theoretic approach for multipriority data transmission in 5G vehicular networks. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 23, 24672\u201324685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2022.3198046 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"55988_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3215451","volume":"70","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, X., Li, X., Yuan, H. & Xue, Y. Model predictive control-based dual-mode operation of an energy-stored quasi-Z-source photovoltaic power system. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron 70, 9169\u20139180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIE.2022.3215451 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron"},{"key":"55988_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.943946","volume":"10","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhao, X., Liang, W., Hossain, M. T. & Zhang, Z. A fast and accurate calculation method of line breaking power flow based on taylor expansion. Front. Energy Res. 10, 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2022.943946 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"55988_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2024.3357441","author":"L Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan, L. et al. Reassessing self-healing in metallized film capacitors: A focus on safety and damage analysis. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDEI.2024.3357441 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"55988_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7084","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3168655","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, X., Wen, Y., Yu, R., Yu, J. & Wen, H. Improved weak grids synchronization unit for passivity enhancement of grid-connected inverter. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 10, 7084\u20137097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3168655 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3220300","volume":"71","author":"J Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, J., Mingotti, A., Zhang, J., Peretto, L. & Wen, H. Accurate damping factor and frequency estimation for damped real-valued sinusoidal signals. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 71, 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2022.3220300 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"55988_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2022.3194034","volume":"9","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Yuan, X., Shen, Y. & Lu, Z. Adaptive dynamic surface control with disturbance observers for battery\/supercapacitor-based hybrid energy sources in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif 9, 5165\u20135181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2022.3194034 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif"},{"key":"55988_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.118018","volume":"306","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, Z. & Lu, Z. Multi-objective load dispatch for microgrid with electric vehicles using modified gravitational search and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Appl. Energy 306, 118018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.118018 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3041653","volume":"36","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Lu, Z., Yuan, X., Wang, Y. & Shen, X. L2-gain adaptive robust control for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 36, 7319\u20137332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3041653 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108645","volume":"145","author":"B Shao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao, B. et al. Power coupling analysis and improved decoupling control for the VSC connected to a weak AC grid. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 145, 108645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108645 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"55988_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12370","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3295913","volume":"38","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sun, W., Jiang, D. & Qu, R. A MTPA and flux-weakening curve identification method based on physics-informed network without calibration. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 38, 12370\u201312375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3295913 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2023.3306804","author":"Y Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Xie, J., He, T., Yao, L. & Xiao, Y. CEEMD-fuzzy control energy management of hybrid energy storage systems in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEC.2023.3306804 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers"},{"key":"55988_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113527","volume":"177","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, Z. & Xu, C. Policy incentives, government subsidies, and technological innovation in new energy vehicle enterprises: Evidence from China. Energy Policy 177, 113527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113527 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"55988_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112206","volume":"267","author":"K Fatima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fatima, K., Faiz Minai, A., Malik, H. & Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, F. P. Experimental analysis of dust composition impact on photovoltaic panel performance: A case study. Sol. Energy 267, 112206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112206 (2024).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gurjar, G., Yadav, D. K., Agrawal, S. (2020) Illustration and control of non-isolated multi-input DC-DC bidirectional converter for electric vehicles using fuzzy logic controller. 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Innov. Technol. IEEE, 41: 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INOCON50539.2020.9298307.","DOI":"10.1109\/INOCON50539.2020.9298307"},{"key":"55988_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ref.2023.100508","volume":"47","author":"NK Pandey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pandey, N. K., Pachauri, R. K., Choudhary, S. & Minai, A. F. Power quality improvement using rabbit optimization FOPID controlled photovoltaic- battery powered hybrid power filter. Renew. Energy Focus 47, 100508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ref.2023.100508 (2023).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy Focus"},{"key":"55988_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.06.022","volume":"10","author":"M Shirkhani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shirkhani, M. et al. A review on microgrid decentralized energy\/voltage control structures and methods. Energy Rep. 10, 368\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.06.022 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35833\/MPCE.2023.000093","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xia, F., Wang, Y. & Xiao, X. Harmonic transfer function based single-input single-output impedance modeling of LCCHVDC systems. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35833\/MPCE.2023.000093 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2750622","volume":"65","author":"U Manandhar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manandhar, U. et al. Validation of faster joint control strategy for battery- and supercapacitor-based energy storage system. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 65, 3286\u20133295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIE.2017.2750622 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2022.3147835","volume":"37","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. A comprehensive investigation on the selection of high-pass harmonic filters. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 37, 4212\u20134226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPWRD.2022.3147835 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"55988_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122540","volume":"358","author":"M Fei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fei, M., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W., Zhang, P. & Xing, Z. Optimal power distribution control in modular power architecture using hydraulic free piston engines. Appl. Energy 358, 122540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122540 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ref.2023.100503","volume":"47","author":"MA Husain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husain, M. A. et al. Performance analysis of the global maximum power point tracking based on spider monkey optimization for PV system. Renew. Energy Focus 47, 100503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ref.2023.100503 (2023).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy Focus"},{"key":"55988_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2019.2939927","volume":"5","author":"B Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, B. et al. Bidirectional three-level cascaded converter with deadbeat control for HESS in solar-assisted electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 5, 1190\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2019.2939927 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"55988_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103353","volume":"58","author":"R Kumar Pachauri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar Pachauri, R. et al. Study on Meta-heuristics techniques for shade dispersion to enhance GMPP of PV array systems under PSCs. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 58, 103353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103353 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"55988_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.3390\/en14248557","volume":"14","author":"A Mohammad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammad, A. et al. Integration of electric vehicles and energy storage system in home energy management system with home to grid capability. Energies 14, 8557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14248557 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"55988_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.11.185","volume":"46","author":"MS Okundamiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okundamiya, M. S. Size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic\/fuel cell grid connected power system including hydrogen storage. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46, 30539\u201330546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.11.185 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3042967","volume":"10","author":"GG Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, G. G. & Sundaramoorthy, K. Dual-input nonisolated DC\u2013DC converter with vehicle-to-grid feature. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 10, 3324\u20133336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3042967 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1109\/ICJECE.2022.3166240","volume":"45","author":"K Suresh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suresh, K. & Parimalasundar, E. Design and implementation of universal converter conception et impl\u00e9mentation d\u2019un convertisseur universel. IEEE Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 45, 272\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICJECE.2022.3166240 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"55988_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2023.3240434","volume":"11","author":"Q Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Xie, H., Liu, X., Niu, F. & Gan, C. Multiport PV-assisted electric-drive-reconstructed bidirectional charger with G2V and V2G\/V2L functions for SRM drive-based EV application. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 11, 3398\u20133408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JESTPE.2023.3240434 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.35833\/MPCE.2020.000311","volume":"10","author":"V Mali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mali, V. & Tripathi, B. Thermal stability of supercapacitor for hybrid energy storage system in lightweight electric vehicles: Simulation and experiments. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy 10, 170\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35833\/MPCE.2020.000311 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2023.3237860","volume":"70","author":"RM Reddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reddy, R. M., Das, M. & Chauhan, N. Novel battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for wide ambient temperature electric vehicles operation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 70, 2580\u20132584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSII.2023.3237860 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"55988_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2023.3242636","volume":"59","author":"V Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah, V. & Payami, S. Integrated converter with G2V, V2G, and DC\/V2V charging capabilities for switched reluctance motor drive-train based EV application. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 59, 3837\u20133850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIA.2023.3242636 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"55988_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7680","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2022.3201063","volume":"58","author":"B Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha, B., Singh, B. & Sen, A. Solar PV integration to E-rickshaw with regenerative braking and sensorless control. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 58, 7680\u20137691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIA.2022.3201063 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"55988_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2021.3104103","volume":"9","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, P., Hu, J., Qiu, L., Zhao, Y. & Ghosh, B. K. A distributed economic dispatch strategy for power-water networks. IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst. 9, 356\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCNS.2021.3104103 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst."},{"key":"55988_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2023.101004","volume":"34","author":"Y Duan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Zhao, Y. & Hu, J. An initialization-free distributed algorithm for dynamic economic dispatch problems in microgrid: Modeling, optimization and analysis. Sustain. Energy, Grids Netw. 34, 101004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.segan.2023.101004 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy, Grids Netw."},{"key":"55988_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112474","volume":"205","author":"X L\u00fc","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00fc, X. et al. Energy management of hybrid electric vehicles: A review of energy optimization of fuel cell hybrid power system based on genetic algorithm. Energy Convers. Manag. 205, 112474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112474 (2020).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"55988_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3345216","volume":"12","author":"S Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. A comprehensive review on STATCOM: Paradigm of modeling, control, stability, optimal location, integration, application, and installation. IEEE Access 12, 2701\u20132729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3345216 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40031-022-00819-2","volume":"103","author":"HA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, H. A., Zuhaib, M. & Rihan, M. A review on voltage and frequency contingencies mitigation technologies in a grid with renewable energy integration. J. Inst. Eng. Ser. B 103, 2195\u20132205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40031-022-00819-2 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. Ser. B"},{"key":"55988_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118882","volume":"213","author":"K Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Cheng, L., Wen, L., Lu, X. & Ding, T. A coordinated charging scheduling method for electric vehicles considering different charging demands. Energy 213, 118882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118882 (2020).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"55988_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3078752","volume":"70","author":"T Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. Hierarchical power allocation method based on online extremum seeking algorithm for dual-PEMFC\/battery hybrid locomotive. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70, 5679\u20135692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3078752 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"55988_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8352","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7735","volume":"46","author":"A Mohammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammad, A., Zuhaib, M. & Ashraf, I. An optimal home energy management system with integration of renewable energy and energy storage with home to grid capability. Int. J. Energy Res. 46, 8352\u20138366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/er.7735 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"55988_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03592-4","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wu, Y. & Feng, J. Competition between battery switching and charging in electric vehicle: Considering anticipated regret. Environ. Dev. Sustain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-023-03592-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"55988_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3183626","volume":"17","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yeh, H.-G. & Nguyen, R. A robust model predictive control-based scheduling approach for electric vehicle charging with photovoltaic systems. IEEE Syst. J. 17, 111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3183626 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"55988_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2022.3181224","volume":"58","author":"S Mishra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishra, S., Varshney, A., Singh, B. & Parveen, H. Driving-cycle-based modeling and control of solar-battery-fed reluctance synchronous motor drive for light electric vehicle with energy regeneration. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 58, 6666\u20136675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIA.2022.3181224 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"55988_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2020.3027184","volume":"7","author":"D Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, D. & Zadeh, M. Modeling and predictive control of shipboard hybrid DC power systems. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 7, 892\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2020.3027184 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"55988_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3168870","volume":"71","author":"Z Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Energy management strategy for fuel cell\/battery\/ultracapacitor hybrid electric vehicles using deep reinforcement learning with action trimming. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 71, 7171\u20137185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2022.3168870 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"55988_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158796","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3131168","volume":"9","author":"D Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, D. & Wang, H. Energy management strategies for hybrid power systems considering dynamic characteristics of power sources. IEEE Access 9, 158796\u2013158807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3131168 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12450","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3122251","volume":"70","author":"C Balasundar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balasundar, C., Sundarabalan, C. K., Srinath, N. S., Sharma, J. & Guerrero, J. M. Interval type2 fuzzy logic-based power sharing strategy for hybrid energy storage system in solar powered charging station. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 70, 12450\u201312461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2021.3122251 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"55988_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2021.3055218","volume":"7","author":"A Zahedmanesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahedmanesh, A., Muttaqi, K. M. & Sutanto, D. A cooperative energy management in a virtual energy hub of an electric transportation system powered by PV generation and energy storage. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 7, 1123\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2021.3055218 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"55988_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75472","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3190082","volume":"10","author":"B Jing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jing, B., Dang, X., Liu, Z. & Long, S. Torque ripple suppression of switched reluctance motor based on fuzzy indirect instant torque control. IEEE Access 10, 75472\u201375481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3190082 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21914","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3153066","volume":"10","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Shi, L., Liu, P., Han, F. & Liu, W. Design of an embedded rapier loom controller and a control strategy based on SRM. IEEE Access 10, 21914\u201321928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3153066 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11923","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3232653","volume":"70","author":"Q Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Chen, L., Liu, X., Niu, F. & Gan, C. Quasi-Z-source-fed SRM drive for torque ripple minimization and speed range extension with three-switch conduction. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 70, 11923\u201311933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIE.2022.3232653 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3222651","volume":"11","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, G., Liu, D. & Fan, Y. An improved deadbeat control scheme for unipolar sinusoidal current excited switched reluctance motor drives. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 11, 1589\u20131603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3222651 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140768","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3119583","volume":"9","author":"MAA Sufyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sufyan, M. A. A., Zuhaib, M., Anees, M. A., Khair, A. & Rihan, M. Implementation of PMU-based distributed wide area monitoring in smart grid. IEEE Access 9, 140768\u2013140778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3119583 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49434","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068227","volume":"9","author":"M Zuhaib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zuhaib, M. & Rihan, M. Identification of low-frequency oscillation modes using PMU based data-driven dynamic mode decomposition algorithm. IEEE Access 9, 49434\u201349447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068227 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55988_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ehs-2022-0157","author":"AA Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, A. A. & Minai, A. F. A strategic review: The role of commercially available tools for planning, modelling, optimization, and performance measurement of photovoltaic systems. Energy Harvest. Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ehs-2022-0157 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Harvest. Syst."},{"key":"55988_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.006","volume":"8","author":"RK Pachauri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pachauri, R. K. et al. Game theory based strategy to reconfigure PV module arrangements for achieving higher GMPP under PSCs: Experimental feasibility. Energy Rep. 8, 10088\u201310112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.006 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.10.009","volume":"82","author":"MA Ravindran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ravindran, M. A. et al. A novel technological review on fast charging infrastructure for electrical vehicles: Challenges, solutions, and future research directions. Alexandria Eng. J. 82, 260\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2023.10.009 (2023).","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng. J."},{"key":"55988_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.09.070","volume":"10","author":"BA Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, B. A. et al. A novel framework for enhancing the power quality of electrical vehicle battery charging based on a modified ferdowsi converter. Energy Rep. 10, 2394\u20132416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.09.070 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.086","volume":"9","author":"SB Hamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed, S. B. et al. A robust MPPT approach based on first-order sliding mode for triple-junction photovoltaic power system supplying electric vehicle. Energy Rep. 9, 4275\u20134297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.086 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aca84e","volume":"32","author":"Y Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Tan, C., Ge, W., Zhao, Y. & Wang, G. Adaptive disturbance observer-based improved super-twisting sliding mode control for electromagnetic direct-drive pump. Smart Mater. Struct. 32, 017001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/aca84e (2023).","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"55988_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12855","volume":"17","author":"K Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, K. et al. An energy optimal schedule method for distribution network considering the access of distributed generation and energy storage. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 17, 2996\u20133015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/gtd2.12855 (2023).","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"55988_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54181-y","volume":"14","author":"IM Mfetoum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mfetoum, I. M. et al. A multilayer perceptron neural network approach for optimizing solar irradiance forecasting in Central Africa with meteorological insights. Sci. Rep. 14, 3572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-54181-y (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53792-9","volume":"14","author":"MS Priyadarshini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Priyadarshini, M. S., Bajaj, M., Prokop, L. & Berhanu, M. Perception of power quality disturbances using Fourier, Short-Time Fourier, continuous and discrete wavelet transforms. Sci. Rep. 14, 3443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53792-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53721-w","volume":"14","author":"SRD Naoussi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naoussi, S. R. D. et al. Enhancing MPPT performance for partially shaded photovoltaic arrays through backstepping control with genetic algorithm-optimized gains. Sci. Rep. 14, 3334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53721-w (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.3390\/en16052503","volume":"16","author":"S Panchanathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Panchanathan, S. et al. A comprehensive review of the bidirectional converter topologies for the vehicle-to-grid system. Energies 16, 2503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16052503 (2023).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"55988_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53214-w","volume":"14","author":"BA Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, B. A. et al. A novel strategy towards efficient and reliable electric vehicle charging for the realisation of a true sustainable transportation landscape. Sci. Rep. 14, 3261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53214-w (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53688-8","volume":"14","author":"K Nagarajan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nagarajan, K. et al. Optimizing dynamic economic dispatch through an enhanced Cheetah-inspired algorithm for integrated renewable energy and demand-side management. Sci. Rep. 14, 3091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53688-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1115262","author":"Y Shanmugam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shanmugam, Y. et al. Solar-powered five-leg inverter-driven quasi-dynamic charging for a slow-moving vehicle. Front. Energy Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1115262 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"55988_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7816","DOI":"10.3390\/en15207816","volume":"15","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Venkatesan, M. et al. A review of compensation topologies and control techniques of bidirectional wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle applications. Energies 15, 7816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15207816 (2022).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"55988_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.09.023","volume":"8","author":"S Mohanty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohanty, S. et al. Demand side management of electric vehicles in smart grids: A survey on strategies, challenges, modeling, and optimization. Energy Rep. 8, 12466\u201312490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.09.023 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55988_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2023.3296964","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Research on the orderly charging and discharging mechanism of electric vehicles considering travel characteristics and carbon quota. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2023.3296964 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"55988_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2023.100262","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Sun, C., Cai, G. & Koh, L. H. Charging and discharging optimization strategy for electric vehicles considering elasticity demand response. ETransportation 18, 100262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etran.2023.100262 (2023).","journal-title":"ETransportation"},{"key":"55988_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3026140","volume":"28","author":"B Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao, B. et al. Hybrid microgrid many-objective sizing optimization with fuzzy decision. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 28, 2702\u20132710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3026140 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"55988_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2023.3283668","author":"S Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao, S. et al. The impact analysis of operational overvoltage on traction transformers for high-speed trains based on the improved capacitor network methodology. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTE.2023.3283668 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"55988_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186772","volume":"22","author":"A Oubelaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oubelaid, A. et al. Multi source electric vehicles: Smooth transition algorithm for transient ripple minimization. Sensors 22, 6772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22186772 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"55988_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6698","DOI":"10.3390\/en15186698","volume":"15","author":"N Dharavat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dharavat, N. et al. Optimal allocation of renewable distributed generators and electric vehicles in a distribution system using the political optimization algorithm. Energies 15, 6698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186698 (2022).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"55988_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.971357","author":"A Oubelaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oubelaid, A. et al. Secure power management strategy for direct torque controlled fuel cell\/ supercapacitor electric vehicles. Front. Energy Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2022.971357 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"55988_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5669","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155669","volume":"22","author":"K Kakouche","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kakouche, K. et al. Model predictive direct torque control and fuzzy logic energy management for multi power source electric vehicles. Sensors 22, 5669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155669 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"55988_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166123","volume":"22","author":"SB Hamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamed, S. B. et al. Robust optimization and power management of a triple junction photovoltaic electric vehicle with battery storage. Sensors 22, 6123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166123 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"55988_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.979539","author":"B Karthikeyan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, B. et al. A dual input single output non-isolated DC-DC converter for multiple sources electric vehicle applications. Front. Energy Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2022.979539 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"55988_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10313","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3278675","volume":"38","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. A Junction Temperature monitoring method for IGBT modules based on turn-off voltage with convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 38, 10313\u201310328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3278675 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"55988_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109432","volume":"75","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, J., Hu, C., Li, X. & Zhu, Y. Hybrid energy storage system and management strategy for motor drive with high torque overload. J. Energy Storage 75, 109432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2023.109432 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55988-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55988-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55988-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T12:18:45Z","timestamp":1709813925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-55988-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55988-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5661"}}