{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:09:41Z","timestamp":1792112981604,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008977","name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between Gaming Disorder (GD) and the experience of functional impairments has received considerable theoretical attention in the recent past and current diagnostic approaches underscore the centrality of functional impairments as a requirement for GD diagnosis. However, there is limited empirical evidence illuminating the interplay between GD and functional impairments, particularly among specific vulnerable groups. The present study seeks to bridge this gap by investigating an English-speaking sample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095198) comprising an age- and gender-matched group of Professional Gamers (PG, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092599) and Non-Professional Gamers (NPG, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092599) sub-sampled from a larger sample of 192,260 individuals. The results revealed that PG were at a greater risk for GD compared to NPG as the prevalence rate of GD among PG (3.31%) was significantly higher and almost doubled that of NPG (1.73%), with PG further exhibiting higher overall GD symptom-load and weekly time spent gaming compared to NPG. Furthermore, PG reported experiencing significantly higher frequency of gaming-related functional impairments compared to NPG, with the in particular affected areas for both PG and NPG being \u2018<jats:italic>school and\/or work<\/jats:italic>\u2019, \u2018<jats:italic>physical health<\/jats:italic>\u2019, and \u2018<jats:italic>family<\/jats:italic>\u2019, with other key differences emerging in relation to other outcomes. Overall, the present findings show that not only GD symptom-load but also some\u00a0functional impairment is higher in PG compared to NPG which highlights the need to develop and support prevention and intervention strategies for this at-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56358-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T11:02:05Z","timestamp":1710846125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Investigating the interplay between gaming disorder and functional impairments in professional esports gaming"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Halley M.","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rumpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160pela","family":"Selak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Montag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"56358_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 6C51 Gaming disorder, https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/1448597234 (2022)."},{"key":"56358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11663-2","author":"E Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz, E. & Griffiths, M. D. Children\u2019s social problem-solving skills in playing videogames and traditional games: A systematic review. Educ. Inf. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11663-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"56358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49019","DOI":"10.2196\/49019","volume":"25","author":"H Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, H., Wang, X. & An, R. Influence of Pok\u00e9mon GO on physical activity and psychosocial well-being in children and adolescents: Systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 25, e49019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/49019 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"56358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2094832","author":"S T\u00fcrkay","year":"2022","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkay, S., Lin, A., Johnson, D. & Formosa, J. Self-determination theory approach to understanding the impact of videogames on wellbeing during COVID-19 restrictions. Behav. Inf. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2094832 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"56358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107901","volume":"148","author":"CN Matias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matias, C. N. et al. Game on: A cross-sectional study on gamers\u2019 mental health, game patterns, physical activity, eating and sleeping habits. Comput. Hum. Behav. 148, 107901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107901 (2023).","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"56358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115311","volume":"326","author":"XL Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, X. L., Zhang, W. & Zhao, F. F. Depression and internet addiction among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 326, 115311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115311 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"56358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00590-3","volume":"21","author":"D Rozgonjuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rozgonjuk, D., Schivinski, B., Pontes, H. M. & Montag, C. Problematic online behaviors among gamers: The links between problematic gaming, gambling, shopping, pornography use, and social networking. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 21, 240\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-021-00590-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00502-w","volume":"16","author":"GK Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed, G. K., Abdalla, A. A., Mohamed, A. M., Mohamed, L. A. & Shamaa, H. A. Relationship between time spent playing internet gaming apps and behavioral problems, sleep problems, alexithymia, and emotion dysregulations in children: A multicentre study. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 16, 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00502-w (2022).","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"56358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00063","author":"I Mylona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mylona, I., Deres, E. S., Dere, G. D. S., Tsinopoulos, I. & Glynatsis, M. The impact of internet and videogaming addiction on adolescent vision: A review of the literature. Front. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00063 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"56358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1185353","author":"RQ Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, R. Q., Sun, G. F. & Ye, J. H. The effects of online game addiction on reduced academic achievement motivation among Chinese college students: The mediating role of learning engagement. Front. Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1185353 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"56358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115624","volume":"331","author":"X Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng, X. et al. Psychological distress and aggression among adolescents with internet gaming disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 331, 115624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115624 (2024).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"56358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.812932","author":"E Haug","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haug, E. et al. Increased gaming during COVID-19 predicts physical inactivity among youth in Norway\u2014a two-wave longitudinal cohort study. Front. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.812932 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"56358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.37","volume":"1","author":"N Yamamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamamoto, N. et al. Game-related behaviors among children and adolescents after school closure during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. Rep. 1, e37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pcn5.37 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"56358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010249","volume":"12","author":"MS Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed, M. S. et al. Worsened anxiety and loneliness influenced gaming and gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Clin. Med. 12, 249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12010249 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"56358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03133-8","author":"CI Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, C. I. et al. Exploring subtypes and correlates of internet gaming disorder severity among adolescents during COVID-19 in China: A latent class analysis. Curr. Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03133-8 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"56358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.03.001","volume":"70","author":"\u0130 \u00c7elik","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7elik, \u0130 & Bekta\u015f, M. Effects of digital game addiction on cardiovascular health behavior on secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Pediatric Nurs. 70, 117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.03.001 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Nurs."},{"key":"56358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/14550725221074997","volume":"39","author":"A Nilsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nilsson, A., Rosendahl, I. & Jayaram-Lindstr\u00f6m, N. Gaming and social media use among adolescents in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nordic Stud. Alcohol Drugs 39, 347\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14550725221074997 (2022).","journal-title":"Nordic Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"56358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.036","volume":"6","author":"J Billieux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Billieux, J. et al. Functional impairment matters in the screening and diagnosis of gaming disorder. J. Behav. Addict. 6, 285\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.036 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.009","volume":"4","author":"J Billieux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P. & Heeren, A. Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. J. Behav. Addict. 4, 119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.4.2015.009 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.06.003","volume":"164","author":"C Montag","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montag, C. & Pontes, H. M. Letter to the editor: A closer look at functional impairments in gaming disorder. J. Psychiatric Res. 164, 402\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.06.003 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatric Res."},{"key":"56358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107342","volume":"132","author":"L Maldonado-Murciano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maldonado-Murciano, L., Guilera, G., Montag, C. & Pontes, H. M. Disordered gaming in esports: Comparing professional and non-professional gamers. Addict. Behav. 132, 107342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107342 (2022).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"56358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107416","volume":"134","author":"C Montag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montag, C., Schivinski, B., Kannen, C. & Pontes, H. M. Investigating gaming disorder and individual differences in gaming motives among professional and non-professional gamers: An empirical study. Addict. Behav. 134, 107416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107416 (2022).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"56358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0091-y","volume":"43","author":"Z Demetrovics","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demetrovics, Z. et al. Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ). Behav. Res. 43, 814\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0091-y (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"56358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152117","volume":"94","author":"F B\u00e1nyai","year":"2019","unstructured":"B\u00e1nyai, F., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z. & Kir\u00e1ly, O. The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Compr. Psychiatry 94, 152117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152117 (2019).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"56358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15411","author":"J Castro-Calvo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castro-Calvo, J. et al. Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: An international Delphi study. Addiction https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15411 (2021).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"56358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","volume":"42","author":"D Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho, D., Imai, K., King, G. & Stuart, E. A. MatchIt: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. J. Stat. Softw. 42, 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v042.i08 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"56358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00088-z","volume":"19","author":"HM Pontes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pontes, H. M. et al. Measurement and conceptualization of gaming disorder according to the world health organization framework: The development of the gaming disorder test. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 19, 508\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-019-00088-z (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00929-4","author":"A Cudo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cudo, A., Montag, C. & Pontes, H. M. Psychometric assessment and gender invariance of the polish version of the gaming disorder test. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-022-00929-4 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114721","author":"HM Pontes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Kannen, C. & Montag, C. The interplay between time spent gaming and disordered gaming: A large-scale world-wide study. Soc. Sci. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114721 (2022).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"56358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211055435","author":"VM Karhulahti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karhulahti, V. M., Marton\u010dik, M. & Adamkovi\u010d, M. Measuring internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder: A qualitative content validity analysis of validated scales. Assessment https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911211055435 (2021).","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"56358_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279062","volume":"17","author":"MS Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam, M. S. et al. Psychometric properties of three online-related addictive behavior instruments among Bangladeshi school-going adolescents. PLOS ONE 17, e0279062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279062 (2022).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"56358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1066480717711108","author":"I Day","year":"2017","unstructured":"Day, I. A family systems approach to the understanding and treatment of internet gaming disorder. Fam. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1066480717711108 (2017).","journal-title":"Fam. J."},{"key":"56358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2392","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2392","volume":"11","author":"SM Son","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son, S. M., Oh, J. S. & Jeon, B. J. Correlational study between online friendship network and internet game disorder among university students. Brain Behav. 11, e2392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2392 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"56358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00003","author":"C Sz\u00e1sz-Janocha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sz\u00e1sz-Janocha, C. et al. Problem gaming-related harm experienced by partners and parents of individuals with gaming problems and their help-seeking experiences. J. Behav. Addict. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2023.00003 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13386","author":"C Benjet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benjet, C. et al. A longitudinal study on the impact of Internet gaming disorder on self-perceived health, academic performance, and social life of first-year college students. Am. J. Addict. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13386 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","volume":"32","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C. et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol. Med. 32, 959\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291702006074 (2002).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"56358_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/00343552211043261","volume":"65","author":"E Umucu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umucu, E. et al. A national study to assess validity and psychometrics of the short Kessler psychological distress scale (K6). Rehabil. Couns. Bull. 65, 140\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00343552211043261 (2021).","journal-title":"Rehabil. Couns. Bull."},{"key":"56358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01201.x","volume":"34","author":"B Arnaud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnaud, B. et al. Validity study of Kessler\u2019s psychological distress scales conducted among patients admitted to French emergency department for alcohol consumption-related disorders. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34, 1235\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01201.x (2010).","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"56358_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","volume":"26","author":"ME Hughes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C. & Cacioppo, J. T. A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Res. Aging 26, 655\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027504268574 (2004).","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"56358_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01554-5","volume":"42","author":"SK Czerwi\u0144ski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Czerwi\u0144ski, S. K. & Atroszko, P. A. A solution for factorial validity testing of three-item scales: An example of tau-equivalent strict measurement invariance of three-item loneliness scale. Curr. Psychol. 42, 1652\u20131664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-021-01554-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"56358_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1508","volume":"126","author":"EL Swing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Swing, E. L., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A. & Walsh, D. A. Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics 126, 214\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-1508 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"56358_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101691","volume":"8","author":"C Montag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montag, C. et al. Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming\u2014a psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. J. Clin. Med. 8, 1691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8101691 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"56358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100391","volume":"14","author":"C Montag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montag, C., Schivinski, B. & Pontes, H. M. Is the proposed distinction of gaming disorder into a predominantly online vs. offline form meaningful? Empirical evidence from a large German speaking gamer sample. Addict. Behav. Rep. 14, 100391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100391 (2021).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"56358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.07.001","volume":"31","author":"HA van der Meer","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Meer, H. A. et al. Development and psychometric validation of the headache screening questionnaire\u2013Dutch Version. Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 31, 52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.07.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"56358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"CH Bastien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastien, C. H., Valli\u00e8res, A. & Morin, C. M. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2, 297\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4 (2001).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"56358_CR46","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2022)."},{"key":"56358_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. 48, 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"56358_CR48","unstructured":"Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M. & Rosseel, Y. semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-6. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=semTools. (2022)."},{"key":"56358_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torchiano, M. effsize: Efficient effect size computation. R package version 0.8.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=effsize. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1480624 (2020).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1480624"},{"key":"56358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0050","volume":"25","author":"S Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore, S., Satel, J. & Pontes, H. M. Investigating the role of health factors and psychological well-being in gaming disorder. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 25, 94\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2021.0050 (2022).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"56358_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.075","volume":"6","author":"HM Pontes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pontes, H. M. Investigating the differential effects of social networking site addiction and Internet gaming disorder on psychological health. J. Behav. Addict. 6, 601\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.075 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"56358_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2022.100489","volume":"42","author":"CM Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, C. M., Hong, J. C., Ye, J. H. & Ye, J. N. The relationship among gameplay self-efficacy, competition anxiety, and the performance of eSports players. Entertain. Comput. 42, 100489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2022.100489 (2022).","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"56358_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.51698\/aloma.2023.41.1.111-120","volume":"41","author":"G Mendoza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mendoza, G., Bonilla, I., Chamarro, A. & Jim\u00e9nez, M. The defining characteristics of esports players. A systematic review of the samples used in esports research. Aloma Revista de Psicologia Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Educaci\u00f3 i de l\u2019Esport 41, 111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51698\/aloma.2023.41.1.111-120 (2023).","journal-title":"Aloma Revista de Psicologia Ci\u00e8ncies de l'Educaci\u00f3 i de l'Esport"},{"key":"56358_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920912718","volume":"135","author":"A Wattanapisit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wattanapisit, A., Wattanapisit, S. & Wongsiri, S. Public health perspectives on eSports. Public Health Rep. 135, 295\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354920912718 (2020).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56358-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56358-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56358-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T11:16:44Z","timestamp":1710847004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56358-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56358-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"H.M.P., H.J.R. and \u0160S report no conflicts of interest. However, for reasons of transparency C.M. mentions that he has received (to Ulm University and earlier University of Bonn) grants from agencies such as the German Research Foundation (DFG). C.M. has performed grant reviews for several agencies; has edited journal sections and articles; has given academic lectures in clinical or scientific venues or companies; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts. For some of these activities he received royalties, but never from gaming or social media companies. C.M. mentions that he was part of a discussion circle (Digitalit\u00e4t und Verantwortung: ) debating ethical questions linked to social media, digitalization and society\/democracy at Facebook. In this context, he received no salary for his activities. Finally, he mentions that he currently functions as independent scientist on the scientific advisory board of the Nymphenburg group (Munich, Germany). This activity is financially compensated. Moreover, he is on the scientific advisory board of Applied Cognition (Redwood\u00a0City, CA, USA), an activity which is also compensated.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6557"}}