{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:33:14Z","timestamp":1791891194492,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the clinical characteristics of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS). Records of patients with positive anti-SSA antibodies hospitalized in the Beijing Tiantan Hospital between December 2011 and May 2020 were retrieved. Patients who fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of GBS and primary SS were included, and their clinical data were analyzed. Among the 785 patients with positive anti-SSA, 52 patients were identified in this study. They were 27 males and 25 females with median age of 59\u00a0years old. Besides anti-SSA antibodies, multiple autoantibodies were detected in these patients including antinuclear antibody, anti-Ro52, anti-mitochondrial M2, anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Preceding infection was reported in 42 patients. Hyporeflexia\/areflexia and limbs weakness were the most common manifestation and 35 patients presented cranial nerve injuries. GBS disability score of 3, 4 and 5 was scaled in 28 (53.8%), 15 (28.8%) and 3 (5.8%) patients respectively. Forty-six patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) monotherapy, 5 patients were treated by IVIG plus glucocorticoids, and 51 patients improved during hospitalization. The frequency of male gender among the patients with both GBS and primary SS suggests an independent onset of GBS and the co-existence of these autoimmune diseases in patients with multiple autoantibodies. Majority of patients with GBS and primary SS experience benign disease course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56365-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T06:01:44Z","timestamp":1709964104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical characteristics of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaran","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 118","key":"56365_CR1","first-page":"3","volume":"37","author":"G Cafaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cafaro, G. et al. One year in review 2019: Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 37(Suppl 118), 3\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"56365_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa009","volume":"59","author":"BA Fisher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher, B. A. & Kollert, F. Equal rights in autoimmunity: Is Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome ever \u2018secondary\u2019?. Rheumatology 59, 1218\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa009 (2020).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 118","key":"56365_CR3","first-page":"192","volume":"37","author":"A Alunno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alunno, A. et al. The kaleidoscope of neurological manifestations in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 37(Suppl 118), 192\u2013198 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"56365_CR4","first-page":"103","volume":"31","author":"P Brito-Zer\u00f3n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brito-Zer\u00f3n, P. et al. Classification and characterisation of peripheral neuropathies in 102 patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 31, 103\u2013110 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"56365_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000179","volume":"2","author":"G Carvajal Alegria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvajal Alegria, G. et al. Epidemiology of neurological manifestations in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: Data from the French ASSESS Cohort. RMD Open 2, e000179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000179 (2016).","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"56365_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.615656","volume":"12","author":"G Cafaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cafaro, G. et al. Peripheral nervous system involvement in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: Analysis of a cohort from the Italian research group on Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Front. Immunol. 12, 615656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.615656 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"56365_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11613-5","volume":"270","author":"T Seeliger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seeliger, T. et al. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with and without neurological involvement. J. Neurol. 270, 2987\u20132996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-023-11613-5 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"56365_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01600","volume":"10","author":"T Seeliger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seeliger, T. et al. Neuro-Sj\u00f6gren: Peripheral neuropathy with limb weakness in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Front. Immunol. 10, 1600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01600 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"56365_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15761\/ccrr.1000411","author":"JB Levinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levinson, J. B., Alvarez, M. R., Koci, K., Feoktistov, A. & McFarlane, I. M. Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A case report and review of literature. Clin. Case Rep. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15761\/ccrr.1000411 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep. Rev."},{"key":"56365_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02190-z","volume":"21","author":"YM Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Y. M. & Su, K. Y. Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy in association with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A case report. BMC Neurol. 21, 161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-021-02190-z (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"56365_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231802","author":"N Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Surendran, D., Srinivas, B. H. & Bammigatti, C. Primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: A great masquerader. BMJ Case Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231802 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"56365_CR12","first-page":"83","volume":"25","author":"YK Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, Y. K., Yang, F. C., Liu, F. C., Lee, J. T. & Sung, Y. F. Co-occurrence of Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome and primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome in an elderly woman. Acta Neurol. Taiwan 25, 83\u201387 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwan"},{"key":"56365_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21830","volume":"42","author":"A Awad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Awad, A., Mathew, S. & Katirji, B. Acute motor axonal neuropathy in association with Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Muscle Nerve 42, 828\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21830 (2010).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"56365_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6881","volume":"55","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka, K. et al. Acute motor-dominant polyneuropathy as Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome and multiple mononeuropathies in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Intern. Med. (Tokyo, Japan) 55, 2717\u20132722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6881 (2016).","journal-title":"Intern. Med. (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"key":"56365_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.142","volume":"41","author":"H Mochizuki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mochizuki, H. et al. Motor dominant neuropathy in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: Report of two cases. Intern. Med. (Tokyo, Japan) 41, 142\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.142 (2002).","journal-title":"Intern. Med. (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"key":"56365_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.18071\/isz.71.0352","volume":"71","author":"O Ethemoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ethemoglu, O., Kocat\u00fcrk, \u00d6. & Zeynep, E. Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy associated with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Ideggyogyaszati szemle 71, 352\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18071\/isz.71.0352 (2018).","journal-title":"Ideggyogyaszati szemle"},{"key":"56365_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4274\/npa.y6911","volume":"51","author":"S Karaca","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karaca, S., Ers\u00f6zl\u00fc Bozkirli, E. D., Karakurum G\u00f6ksel, B., Tan, M. & Y\u00fccel, A. E. If neurologists establish the diagnosis of primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome?. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 51, 148\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/npa.y6911 (2014).","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"56365_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)00339-1","volume":"388","author":"HJ Willison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willison, H. J., Jacobs, B. C. & van Doorn, P. A. Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet 388, 717\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)00339-1 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"56365_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693005","volume":"39","author":"E Malek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malek, E. & Salameh, J. Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Semin. Neurol. 39, 589\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1693005 (2019).","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"56365_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182904fcc","volume":"80","author":"B van den Berg","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Berg, B., Bunschoten, C., van Doorn, P. A. & Jacobs, B. C. Mortality in Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome. Neurology 80, 1650\u20131654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182904fcc (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"56365_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2007.10.001","volume":"1780","author":"S Kusunoki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kusunoki, S., Kaida, K. & Ueda, M. Antibodies against gangliosides and ganglioside complexes in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: New aspects of research. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1780, 441\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2007.10.001 (2008).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"56365_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322479","volume":"91","author":"H Koike","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koike, H. et al. Ultrastructural mechanisms of macrophage-induced demyelination in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91, 650\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322479 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"56365_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200505120-00005","volume":"16","author":"Y Murata","year":"2005","unstructured":"Murata, Y. et al. Antiganglion neuron antibodies correlate with neuropathy in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Neuroreport 16, 677\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200505120-00005 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"56365_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270707","volume":"27","author":"AK Asbury","year":"1990","unstructured":"Asbury, A. K. & Cornblath, D. R. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 27(Suppl), S21\u2013S24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410270707 (1990).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"56365_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.048","volume":"128","author":"A Uncini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uncini, A., Ippoliti, L., Shahrizaila, N., Sekiguchi, Y. & Kuwabara, S. Optimizing the electrodiagnostic accuracy in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome subtypes: Criteria sets and sparse linear discriminant analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 1176\u20131183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.048 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"56365_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.433","volume":"71","author":"JB Winer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Winer, J. B. Bickerstaff\u2019s encephalitis and the Miller Fisher syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 71, 433\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.433 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"56365_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq214","volume":"133","author":"H Koike","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koike, H. et al. Clinicopathological features of acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Brain 133, 2881\u20132896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq214 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"56365_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554","volume":"61","author":"C Vitali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vitali, C. et al. Classification criteria for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61, 554\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.6.554 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"56365_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39859","volume":"69","author":"CH Shiboski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shiboski, C. H. et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 69, 35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.39859 (2017).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"56365_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24127","volume":"49","author":"H Pan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pan, H. et al. F-wave latencies in patients with diabetes mellitus. Muscle Nerve 49, 804\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24127 (2014).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"56365_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(78)92644-2","volume":"2","author":"RA Hughes","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hughes, R. A., Newsom-Davis, J. M., Perkin, G. D. & Pierce, J. M. Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. Lancet 2, 750\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(78)92644-2 (1978).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"56365_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004","volume":"35","author":"ST Ngo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngo, S. T., Steyn, F. J. & McCombe, P. A. Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 35, 347\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"issue":"Suppl 133","key":"56365_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/88dyrn","volume":"39","author":"LG Chatzis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatzis, L. G., Goules, A. V. & Tzioufas, A. G. Searching for the \u201cX factor\u201d in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome female predilection. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 39(Suppl 133), 206\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/88dyrn (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"56365_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038411","volume":"13","author":"PA McCombe","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCombe, P. A., Hardy, T. A., Nona, R. J. & Greer, J. M. Sex differences in Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Front. Immunol. 13, 1038411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038411 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"56365_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.145200","volume":"5","author":"A Bhargava","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhargava, A., Banakar, B. F., Pujar, G. S. & Khichar, S. A study of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome with reference to cranial neuropathy and its prognostic implication. J. Neurosci. Rural Pract. 5, S43-47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-3147.145200 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"56365_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000141099.53742.16","volume":"83","author":"S Delalande","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delalande, S. et al. Neurologic manifestations in primary Sjogren syndrome: A study of 82 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 83, 280\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.md.0000141099.53742.16 (2004).","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56365-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56365-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56365-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T06:02:40Z","timestamp":1709964160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-56365-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56365-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5783"}}