{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:32:31Z","timestamp":1791873151459,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"InnoHK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Digital ocular massage has been reported to temporarily lower intraocular pressure (IOP). This could be related to an enhanced aqueous humor outflow; however, the mechanism is not clearly understood. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, the Schlemm\u2019s canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) can be imaged and measured. Here, 66 healthy adults underwent digital ocular massage for 10\u00a0min in their right eyes. The IOP and dimensions of the SC and TM were measured before and after ocular massage. All subjects demonstrated IOP reduction from 15.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u00a0mmHg at baseline to 9.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u00a0mmHg immediately after, and median of 11.6\u00a0mmHg 5-min after ocular massage (Friedman\u2019s test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There was significant change in SC area (median 10,063.5 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at baseline to median 10,151.0 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> after ocular massage, Wilcoxon test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), and TM thickness (median 149.8\u00a0\u03bcm at baseline to 144.6\u2009\u00b1\u200925.3\u00a0\u03bcm after ocular massage, Wilcoxon test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036). One-third of the subjects demonstrated collapse of the SC area (\u22122 to \u221252%), while two-thirds showed expansion of the SC area (2 to 168%). There were no significant changes in SC diameter (270.4\u2009\u00b1\u200984.1\u00a0\u03bcm vs. 276.5\u2009\u00b1\u200968.7\u00a0\u03bcm, paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.499), and TM width (733.3\u2009\u00b1\u2009110.1\u00a0\u03bcm vs. 733.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009111.6\u00a0\u03bcm, paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.988). Eyes with a higher baseline IOP demonstrated a greater IOP reduction (Pearson correlation coefficient <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.521, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Eyes with smaller SC area at baseline showed greater SC area expansion (Pearson correlation coefficient\u2009=\u2009\u22120.389, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Greater IOP reduction appeared in eyes with greater SC area expansion (Pearson correlation coefficient <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.306, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Association between change in IOP and change in TM thickness was not significant (Spearman\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.902). Simple digital ocular massage is an effective method to lower IOP values, and change in the SC area was significantly associated with IOP changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56748-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T12:20:15Z","timestamp":1710332415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of digital ocular massage on intraocular pressure and Schlemm\u2019s canal dimensions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tiffany H. Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry K. C.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo H. Y.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby W. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia K. W.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Kwok-cheung","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"56748_CR1","first-page":"350","volume":"19","author":"M Wieland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wieland, M. & Spaeth, G. L. Use of digital compression following glaucoma surgery. 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Ocular massage for intraocular pressure control after Ahmed valve insertion. Can J Ophthalmol 43, 48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i07-188 (2008).","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"56748_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.S263474","volume":"14","author":"R Nuzzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nuzzi, R., Scalabrin, S. & Becco, A. Reduction of intraocular pressure spikes due to intravitreal Bevacizumab injections by scleral indentation with cotton swab or digital ocular massage: innovative techniques compared. Clin Ophthalmol 14, 2533\u20132541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.S263474 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"56748_CR6","first-page":"1454","volume":"46","author":"J Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, J., Hwang, J. H., Park, Y. S., Lee, Y. J. & Lee, B. R. Preoperative ocular massage to lower the immediate intraocular pressure spike following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Invest. 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