{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:14:29Z","timestamp":1791940469150,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-23-1-0156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-23-1-0156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020891","name":"Professional Staff Congress and City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cycle 53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cycle 53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020891","name":"Professional Staff Congress and City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cycle 53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cycle 53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many applications in environmental and biological sensing, standoff detection, and astronomy rely on devices that operate in the mid-infrared range, where active devices can play a critical role in advancing discovery and innovation. Nanostructured graphene has been proposed for active miniaturized mid-infrared devices via excitation of tunable surface plasmons, but typically present low efficiencies due to weak coupling with free-space radiation and plasmon damping. Here we present a strategy to enhance the light-graphene coupling efficiency, in which graphene plasmons couple with gold localized plasmons, creating novel hybridized plasmonic modes. We demonstrate a metasurface in which hybrid plasmons are excited with transmission modulation rates of 17% under moderate doping (0.35\u00a0eV) and in ambient conditions. We also evaluate the metasurface as a mid-infrared modulator, measuring switching speeds of up to 16\u00a0kHz. Finally, we propose a scheme in which we can excite strongly coupled gold-graphene gap plasmons in the thermal radiation range, with applications to nonlinear optics, slow light, and sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57216-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T18:02:17Z","timestamp":1710957737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hybridization of graphene-gold plasmons for active control of mid-infrared radiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euclides","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"57216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071015-041507","volume":"9","author":"J Haas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haas, J. & Mizaikoff, B. Advances in mid-infrared spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto, Calif.) 9, 45\u201368 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto, Calif.)"},{"key":"57216_CR2","volume":"77","author":"M Razeghi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Razeghi, M. & Nguyen, B. Advances in mid-infrared detection and imaging: A key issues review. RoPP 77, 082401 (2014).","journal-title":"RoPP"},{"key":"57216_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156965","volume":"320","author":"RR Nair","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nair, R. R. et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320, 1308 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57216_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2012.04.064","volume":"152","author":"KF Mak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mak, K. F., Ju, L., Wang, F. & Heinz, T. F. Optical spectroscopy of graphene: From the far infrared to the ultraviolet. Solid State Commun. 152, 1341\u20131349 (2012).","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"57216_CR5","volume-title":"Graphene Photonics","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, J. & Lin, I. Graphene Photonics (Cambridge University Press, 2019)."},{"key":"57216_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606128","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606128","volume":"29","author":"S Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu, S., Wu, X., Wang, Y., Guo, X. & Tong, L. 2D materials for optical modulation: Challenges and opportunities. Adv. Mater. (Weinheim) 29, 1606128 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. (Weinheim)"},{"key":"57216_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1021\/ph400147y","volume":"1","author":"FJG de Abajo","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Abajo, F. J. G. Graphene plasmonics: Challenges and opportunities. ACS Photonics 1, 135\u2013152 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"6","key":"57216_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1021\/nl400601c","volume":"13","author":"HA Atwater","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atwater, H. A., Lopez, J. J., Sherrott, M., Jang, M. S. & Brar, V. W. Highly confined tunable mid-infrared plasmonics in graphene nanoresonators. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2541\u20132547 (2013).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.57","volume":"7","author":"H Yan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yan, H. et al. Damping pathways of mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures. Nat. Photonics 7, 394\u2013399 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1021\/nn406627u","volume":"8","author":"T Low","year":"2014","unstructured":"Low, T. & Avouris, P. Graphene plasmonics for terahertz to mid-infrared applications. ACS Nano 8, 1086\u20131101 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"57216_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7032","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8032","volume":"6","author":"VW Brar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brar, V. W. et al. Electronic modulation of infrared radiation in graphene plasmonic resonators. Nat. Commun. 6, 7032 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57216_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar8438","volume":"360","author":"D Alcaraz Iranzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alcaraz Iranzo, D. et al. Probing the ultimate plasmon confinement limits with a van der Waals heterostructure. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 360, 291\u2013295 (2018).","journal-title":"Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)"},{"key":"57216_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3055835","volume":"7","author":"Z Fang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fang, Z. et al. Gated tunability and hybridization of localized plasmons in nanostructured graphene. ACS Nano 7, 2388\u20132395 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"57216_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404042h","volume":"14","author":"Z Fang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fang, Z. et al. Active tunable absorption enhancement with graphene nanodisk arrays. Nano Lett. 14, 299\u2013304 (2014).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0157-7","volume":"17","author":"Q Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, Q. et al. Efficient electrical detection of mid-infrared graphene plasmons at room temperature. Nat. Mater. 17, 986\u2013992 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"57216_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"050901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0152664","volume":"134","author":"T Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, T. & Argyropoulos, C. Hybrid graphene-plasmon gratings. J. Appl. Phys. 134, 050901 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"57216_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.245405","volume":"97","author":"EJC Dias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dias, E. J. C. et al. Probing nonlocal effects in metals with graphene plasmons. Phys. Rev. B 97, 245405 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"57216_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054017","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.11.054017","volume":"11","author":"A Bylinkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bylinkin, A. et al. Tight-binding terahertz plasmons in chemical-vapor-deposited graphene. Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 054017 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"57216_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35914","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.035914","volume":"27","author":"Q Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong, Q. et al. Hybrid metal-graphene plasmonic sensor for multi-spectral sensing in both near- and mid-infrared ranges. Opt. Express 27, 35914\u201335924 (2019).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"57216_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1021\/nl503104n","volume":"14","author":"Y Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Electrically tunable metasurface perfect absorbers for ultrathin mid-infrared optical modulators. Nano Lett. 14, 6526\u20136532 (2014).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0055-4","volume":"7","author":"B Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng, B. et al. Hybrid graphene metasurfaces for high-speed mid-infrared light modulation and single-pixel imaging. Light Sci. Appl. 7, 51\u201358 (2018).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"57216_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04393","volume":"18","author":"S Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, S. et al. Electronically tunable perfect absorption in graphene. Nano Lett. 18, 971\u2013979 (2018).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165409","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.165409","volume":"90","author":"MS Jang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jang, M. S. et al. Tunable large resonant absorption in a midinfrared graphene Salisbury screen. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 165409 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"57216_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089171","volume":"302","author":"E Prodan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prodan, E., Radloff, C., Halas, N. J. & Nordlander, P. A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures. Science 302, 419\u2013422 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57216_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053811","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.053811","volume":"92","author":"C Tserkezis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tserkezis, C. et al. Hybridization of plasmonic antenna and cavity modes: Extreme optics of nanoparticle-on-mirror nanogaps. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 92, 053811 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"57216_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200061k","volume":"111","author":"NJ Halas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Halas, N. J., Lal, S., Chang, W., Link, S. & Nordlander, P. Plasmons in strongly coupled metallic nanostructures. Chem. Rev. 111, 3913\u20133961 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"57216_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11728","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.011728","volume":"26","author":"N Mou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mou, N. et al. Hybridization-induced broadband terahertz wave absorption with graphene metasurfaces. Opt. Express 26, 11728\u201311736 (2018).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"57216_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2037626","volume":"6","author":"J Christensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christensen, J., Manjavacas, A., Thongrattanasiri, S., Koppens, F. H. L. & Garc\u00eda de Abajo, F. J. Graphene plasmon waveguiding and hybridization in individual and paired nanoribbons. ACS Nano 6, 431\u2013440 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"57216_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00558","volume":"4","author":"PAD Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, P. A. D., Xiao, S., Peres, N. M. R. & Mortensen, N. A. Hybridized plasmons in 2D nanoslits: From graphene to anisotropic 2D materials. ACS Photonics 4, 3045\u20133054 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11253","volume":"487","author":"Z Fei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fei, Z. et al. Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging. Nature (London) 487, 82\u201385 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"57216_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253202","volume":"344","author":"P Alonso-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alonso-Gonz\u00e1lez, P. et al. Controlling graphene plasmons with resonant metal antennas and spatial conductivity patterns. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 344, 1369\u20131373 (2014).","journal-title":"Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)"},{"key":"57216_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","volume":"306","author":"KS Novoselov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666\u2013669 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57216_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00743","volume":"117","author":"F Neubrech","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neubrech, F., Huck, C., Weber, K., Pucci, A. & Giessen, H. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy using resonant nanoantennas. Chem. Rev. 117, 5110\u20135145 (2017).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"57216_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2007.12.042","volume":"452","author":"J Kundu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kundu, J., Le, F., Nordlander, P. & Halas, N. J. Surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy on nanoshell aggregate substrates. Chem. Phys. Lett. 452, 115\u2013119 (2008).","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4526(00)00475-0","volume":"292","author":"MK Gunde","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gunde, M. K. Vibrational modes in amorphous silicon dioxide. Phys. B Condens. Matter 292, 286\u2013295 (2000).","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"57216_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.103","volume":"7","author":"H Buljan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buljan, H., Jablan, M. & Solja\u010di\u0107, M. Damping of plasmons in graphene. Nat. Photonics 7, 346\u2013348 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.47","volume":"3","author":"P Neutens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neutens, P., Van Dorpe, P., De Vlaminck, I., Lagae, L. & Borghs, G. Electrical detection of confined gap plasmons in metal-insulator-metal waveguides. Nat. Photonics 3, 283\u2013286 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2017-0125","volume":"7","author":"F Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding, F., Yang, Y., Deshpande, R. A. & Bozhevolnyi, S. I. A review of gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces: Fundamentals and applications. Nanophotonics 7, 1129\u20131156 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"57216_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170360","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202170360","volume":"33","author":"J Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Synthesis, assembly, optical properties, and sensing applications of plasmonic gap nanostructures (Adv. Mater. 46\/2021). Adv. Mater. (Weinheim) 33, 2170360 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. (Weinheim)"},{"key":"57216_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210713","volume":"334","author":"N Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu, N. et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science 334, 333\u2013337 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57216_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253213","volume":"345","author":"D Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, D., Fan, P., Hasman, E. & Brongersma, M. L. Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 345, 298\u2013302 (2014).","journal-title":"Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)"},{"key":"57216_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.26.001424","volume":"26","author":"Z Bomzon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bomzon, Z., Kleiner, V. & Hasman, E. Pancharatnam-Berry phase in space-variant polarization-state manipulations with subwavelength gratings. Opt. Lett. 26, 1424\u20131426 (2001).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR43","first-page":"1146","volume":"358","author":"M Khorasaninejad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khorasaninejad, M. & Capasso, F. Metalenses. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 358, 1146 (2017).","journal-title":"Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)"},{"key":"57216_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14992","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14992","volume":"8","author":"O Avayu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Avayu, O., Almeida, E., Prior, Y. & Ellenbogen, T. Composite functional metasurfaces for multispectral achromatic optics. Nat. Commun. 8, 14992 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57216_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.186","volume":"10","author":"A Arbabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arbabi, A., Horie, Y., Bagheri, M. & Faraon, A. Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 937\u2013943 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"57216_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3278","volume":"11","author":"S Larouche","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larouche, S., Tsai, Y., Tyler, T., Jokerst, N. M. & Smith, D. R. Infrared metamaterial phase holograms. Nat. Mater. 11, 450\u2013454 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"57216_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17010","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.10","volume":"2","author":"G Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, G., Zhang, S. & Zentgraf, T. Nonlinear photonic metasurfaces. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17010 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"57216_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.17","volume":"9","author":"N Segal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Segal, N., Keren-Zur, S., Hendler, N. & Ellenbogen, T. Controlling light with metamaterial-based nonlinear photonic crystals. Nat. Photonics 9, 180\u2013184 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12533","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12533","volume":"7","author":"E Almeida","year":"2016","unstructured":"Almeida, E., Bitton, O. & Prior, Y. Nonlinear metamaterials for holography. Nat. Commun. 7, 12533 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57216_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10367","volume":"7","author":"E Almeida","year":"2016","unstructured":"Almeida, E., Shalem, G. & Prior, Y. Subwavelength nonlinear phase control and anomalous phase matching in plasmonic metasurfaces. Nat. Commun. 7, 10367 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57216_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.047401","volume":"101","author":"S Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Genov, D. A., Wang, Y., Liu, M. & Zhang, X. Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 047401 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"57216_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Molesky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molesky, S. et al. Inverse design in nanophotonics. Nat. Photonics 12, 659\u2013670 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2051","volume":"349","author":"D Rodrigo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodrigo, D. et al. Mid-infrared plasmonic biosensing with graphene. Science 349, 165\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57216_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b01714","volume":"7","author":"NJ Bareza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bareza, N. J., Gopalan, K. K., Alani, R., Paulillo, B. & Pruneri, V. Mid-infrared gas sensing using graphene plasmons tuned by reversible chemical doping. ACS Photonics 7, 879\u2013884 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"57216_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2891452","volume":"103","author":"G Hanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hanson, G. Dyadic Green\u2019s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 64302 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"57216_CR56","volume-title":"Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Five-Volume Set","author":"ED Palik","year":"1997","unstructured":"Palik, E. D. Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Five-Volume Set (Elsevier Science & Technology, 1997)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57216-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57216-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57216-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T19:04:17Z","timestamp":1710961457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57216-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-57216-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6733"}}