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Currently, there is a lack of suitable in vitro models that sustain basic primary human hepatocyte (PHH) morphology and functionality while supporting presentation of disease-associated phenotypic characteristics such as lipid accumulation and inflammasome activation. In TruVivo, an all-human triculture system (hTCS), basic metabolic functions were characterized in PHHs isolated from normal or diseased livers during two-weeks of culture. Decreases in albumin and urea levels and CYP3A4 activity were seen in diseased-origin PHHs compared to normal PHHs along with higher CYP2E1 expression. Positive expression of the macrophage markers CD68 and CD163 were seen in the diseased PHH preparations. Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1 and the fibrotic markers CK-18 and TGF-\u03b2 were also measured. Gene expression of <jats:italic>FASN, PCK1,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G6PC<\/jats:italic> in the diseased PHHs was decreased compared to the normal PHHs. Further characterization revealed differences in lipogenesis and accumulation of intracellular lipids in normal and diseased PHHs when cultured with oleic acid and high glucose. TruVivo represents a promising new platform to study lipogenic mechanisms in normal and diseased populations due to the preservation of phenotypic differences over a prolonged culture period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57463-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T10:02:05Z","timestamp":1711015325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of diseased primary human hepatocytes in an all-human cell-based triculture system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Justin J.","family":"Odanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick K.","family":"Breathwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon C.","family":"Presnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"LeCluyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"57463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","volume":"7","author":"K Riazi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riazi, K. et al. 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