{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:17:44Z","timestamp":1791407864096,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institute of Environment Research (NIER) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea","award":["NIER-2022-04-03-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIER-2022-04-03-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a major component in humidifier disinfectants, which cause life-threatening lung injuries. However, to our knowledge, no published studies have investigated associations between PHMG-p dose and lung damage severity with long-term follow-up. Therefore, we evaluated longitudinal dose-dependent changes in lung injuries using repeated chest computed tomography (CT). Rats were exposed to low (0.2\u00a0mg\/kg, n\u2009=\u200910), intermediate (1.0\u00a0mg\/kg, n\u2009=\u200910), and high (5.0\u00a0mg\/kg, n\u2009=\u200910) doses of PHMG-p. All rats underwent repeated CT scans after 10 and 40\u00a0weeks following the first exposure. All CT images were quantitatively analyzed using commercial software. Inflammation\/fibrosis and tumor counts underwent histopathological evaluation. In both radiological and histopathologic results, the lung damage severity increased as the PHMG-p dose increased. Moreover, the number, size, and malignancy of the lung tumors increased as the dose increased. Bronchiolar\u2013alveolar hyperplasia developed in all groups. During follow-up, there was intergroup variation in bronchiolar\u2013alveolar hyperplasia progression, although bronchiolar\u2013alveolar adenomas or carcinomas usually increase in size over time. Thirty-three carcinomas were detected in the high-dose group in two rats. Overall, lung damage from PHMG-p and the number and malignancy of lung tumors were shown to be dose-dependent in a rat model using repeated chest CT scans during a long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57605-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T15:04:27Z","timestamp":1711465467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Longitudinal long term follow up investigation on the carcinogenic impact of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate in rat models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sang Hoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Jeong","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja Young","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Seon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Hee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su A.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Kee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Wook","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherry","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"57605_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.41.711","volume":"41","author":"HR Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, H. 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