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However, the toxic effect of various tissues is still under study. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effect of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NP on stomach, liver, and kidney tissues and the amelioration effect of clove oil nanoemulsion (CLV-NE) against DNA damage, oxidative stress, pathological changes, and the apoptotic effect of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs. Four groups of male mice were subjected to oral treatment for five consecutive days including, the control group, the group treated with TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs (50\u00a0mg\/kg), the group treated with (CLV-NE) (5% of the MTD), and the group treated with TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs plus CLV-NE. The results revealed that the treatment with TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs significantly caused DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and kidney tissues due to increased ROS as indicated by the reduction of the antioxidant activity of SOD and Gpx and increased MDA level. Further, abnormal histological signs and apoptotic effect confirmed by the significant elevation of p53 expression were reported after TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs administration. The present data reported a significant improvement in the previous parameters after treatment with CLV-NE. These\u00a0results\u00a0showed\u00a0the collaborative effect of the oils and the\u00a0extra\u00a0role of nanoemulsion in\u00a0enhancing\u00a0antioxidant\u00a0effectiveness\u00a0that enhances its disperse-ability and further promotes its controlled\u00a0release. One could conclude that CLV-NE is safe and can be\u00a0used\u00a0as a powerful antioxidative agent to assess the toxic effects of the acute use of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57728-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T02:01:45Z","timestamp":1712023305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Modulation efficiency of clove oil nano-emulsion against genotoxic, oxidative stress, and histological injuries induced via titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanan R. 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