{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:13:55Z","timestamp":1789157635814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Studying the failure characteristics of the common composite strata structure in western China is essential for evaluating stope stability and predicting coal mine dynamic disasters. To investigate the influence of different stress loading and unloading conditions on the instability characteristics of composite samples, three triaxial loading and unloading test schemes simulating different in-situ mining depths were designed. Complex triaxial tests were conducted on 12 sets of composite samples, and the bearing capacity, acoustic emission (AE) parameters and dynamic multifractal characteristics of the samples under different stress loading or unloading conditions were analyzed. The results indicate that samples tested by stress schemes simulating greater mining depths exhibit less damage, and the failure mode is a tensile-shear mixed failure, but the tensile failure is the main failure mode. The multifractal spectral parameters $$\\Delta \\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> of AE time series during the failure of composite samples tested with triaxial loading and unloading schemes simulating different mining depths show a decreasing trend in $$\\Delta \\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> values with increasing mining depth, while the change rules of $$\\Delta f\\left( \\alpha \\right)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n f<\/mml:mi>\n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mfenced>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> values are the opposite. The multifractal parameter changes degree in four-layer rock structure composite samples under different stress conditions are lower than those in three-layer rock structure composite samples, indicating that the microcrack propagation process in the three-layer composite sample is more complex, resulting in higher levels of damage. The dynamic change of multifractal parameters $$\\Delta \\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and $$\\Delta f\\left( \\alpha \\right)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u0394<\/mml:mi>\n f<\/mml:mi>\n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mfenced>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> during different stress loading and unloading stages reflects the influence of axial pressure or confining pressure changes on crack propagation in composite samples. Compared to the initial stress stage, the non-uniformity of AE signals increases in the residual stress stage, and the proportion of large signals becomes more prominent, signifying a complex micro-fracture process in the composite samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57839-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T20:01:44Z","timestamp":1711742504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamic multifractal characteristics of acoustic emission about composite samples with different stress loading and unloading conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuben","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"57839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-022-09983-7","volume":"15","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. 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