{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:33:03Z","timestamp":1793475183265,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a severe threat to global agriculture, with their impact projected to escalate due to climate change and expanding international trade. The fall armyworm (FAW),<jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>(J. E. Smith), a native of the Americas, has rapidly spread across various continents, causing significant damage to several food crops, especially maize. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are vital for sustainable FAW control, combining multiple strategies for sustainable results. Over three consecutive years, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 and 2021\u201322, the field demonstrations were conducted in semiarid regions of India, testing a four-component IPM approach viz., pheromone traps, microbial, botanicals and ETL based applications of insecticides against farmers' practices (sole insecticide application). IPM implementation led to substantial reductions in FAW infestation. Furthermore, egg mass and larvae infestations were significantly lower in IPM-adopted villages compared to conventional practices. Pheromone-based monitoring demonstrated a consistent reduction in adult moth populations. The lowest technology gap (10.42), extension gap (8.33) and technology index (12.25) was recorded during 2020\u201321. The adoption of IPM led to increased maize yields (17.49, 12.62 and 24.87% over control), higher net returns (919, 906.20 and 992.93 USD), and favourable benefit\u2013cost ratios (2.74, 2.39 and 2.33) compared to conventional practices respectively during 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 and 2021\u201322. The economic viability of IPM strategies was evident across three consecutive years, confirming their potential for sustainable FAW management in the semiarid region of India. These strategies hold promise for adoption in other parts of the world sharing similar climatic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57860-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T10:02:25Z","timestamp":1711447345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of farmers friendly IPM modules for the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in maize in the hot semiarid region of India"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mandla","family":"Rajashekhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banda","family":"Rajashekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalla Prabhakar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerthi","family":"Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalisetti","family":"Vanisree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kommagoni","family":"Ramakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanam","family":"Sunitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ongolu","family":"Shaila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eetela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Shahanaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somireddy Srinivasa","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adhi","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afifa","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padala Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maligi Jagan Mohan","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"57860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.01.011","volume":"14","author":"CF Pratt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pratt, C. F., Constantine, K. L. & Murphy, S. T. Economic impacts of invasive alien species on African smallholder livelihoods. Glob. Food Sec. 14, 31\u201337 (2017).","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"57860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9318-y","volume":"11","author":"M Kenis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kenis, M. et al. Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. Biol. Invasions 11, 21\u201345 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"57860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2022.100904","volume":"51","author":"TM Fortuna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fortuna, T. M., Gall, L. P., Mezdour, S. & Calatayud, P. A. Impact of invasive insects on native insect communities. Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci. 51, 100904 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci."},{"key":"57860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106020","volume":"111","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P. & Singh, J. S. Invasive alien plant species: Their impact on environment, ecosystem services and human health. Ecol. Indic. 111, 106020 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"57860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2307\/3494083","volume":"62","author":"AN Sparks","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sparks, A. N. A review of the biology of the fall armyworm. FL. Entomol. 62, 276\u2013283 (1979).","journal-title":"FL. Entomol."},{"key":"57860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165632","volume":"11","author":"G Goergen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goergen, G., Kumar, P. L., Sankung, S. B., Togola, A. & Tam\u00f2, M. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PLoS ONE 11, 1\u20139 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"57860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.356.6337.473","volume":"356","author":"E Stokstad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stokstad, E. New crop pest takes Africa at lightning speed. Science 356, 473\u2013474 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"57860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-020-00272-7","volume":"30","author":"MC Keerthi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keerthi, M. C. et al. Performance of the native predatory bug, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and its limitation under field condition. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control 30(1), 1\u20134 (2020).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control"},{"key":"57860_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"J Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, J., Zhao, J., He, K., Zhang, F. & Wang, Z. Potential invasion of the crop devastating insect pest fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda to China. Plant Prot. 44, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"57860_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"NU Ullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ullah, N. U., Ansari, M. A., Iqbal, N. & Saeed, S. First authentic report of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) an alien invasive species from Pakistan. Appl. Sci. Bus. Econ. 6, 1\u20133 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"57860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-015-9829-2","volume":"143","author":"P Dumas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dumas, P. et al. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host-plant variants: Two host strains or two distinct species?. Genetica 143, 305\u2013316 (2015).","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"57860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0286","volume":"26","author":"D Montezano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montezano, D. et al. Host plants of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas. Afr. Entomol. 26, 286\u2013300 (2018).","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"57860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2018.02.0110","volume":"110","author":"G Hailu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hailu, G., Niassy, S., Zeyaur, K. R., Ochatum, N. & Subramanian, S. Maize\u2013legume intercropping and push\u2013pull for management of fall armyworm, stem borers, and striga in Uganda. Agron. J. 110, 2513\u20132522 (2018).","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"57860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003169239","volume-title":"Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management: Development and Field Application","author":"J Hendrichs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hendrichs, J., Pereira, R. & Vreysen, M. J. Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management: Development and Field Application 1028 (Taylor & Francis, 2021)."},{"key":"57860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rwomushana, I. Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). CABI Compendium, CABI Compendium (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.29810","DOI":"10.1079\/cabicompendium.29810"},{"issue":"1","key":"57860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-023-00786-6","volume":"23","author":"S Samanta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samanta, S. et al. Evidence of population expansion and insecticide resistance mechanism in invasive fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). BMC Biotechnol. 23(1), 17 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"57860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-566X2001000200016","volume":"30","author":"GID Rodriguez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodriguez, G. I. D. & Omoto, C. Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neotrop. Entomol. 30, 311\u2013316 (2001).","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol."},{"key":"57860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062268","volume":"8","author":"RA Carvalho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carvalho, R. A., Omoto, C., Field, L. M., Williamson, M. & Bass, C. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. PLoS ONE 8, e62268 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"57860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7255","volume":"79","author":"B Sisay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sisay, B. et al. Responses of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) to different host plants: Implications for its management strategy. Pest Manag. Sci. 79, 845\u2013856 (2022).","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"57860_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"BA Sisay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sisay, B. A. et al. Evaluation of pheromone lures, trap designs and placement heights for monitoring the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize fields of Kenya. Pre print 8, 1\u201330 (2023).","journal-title":"Pre print"},{"key":"57860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2012.655702","volume":"58","author":"I Cruz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cruz, I. et al. Using sex pheromone traps in the decision-making process for pesticide application against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [Smith] [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]) larvae in maize. Int. J. Pest Manag. 58, 83\u201390 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"issue":"6","key":"57860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249042","volume":"16","author":"S Niassy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niassy, S. et al. Bio-ecology of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), its management and potential patterns of seasonal spread in Africa. PloS One 16(6), e0249042 (2021).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"57860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676208","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2021.676208","volume":"3","author":"S Kilani-Morakchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kilani-Morakchi, S., Morakchi-Goudjil, H. & Sifi, K. Azadirachtin-based insecticide: Overview, risk assessments, and future directions. Front. Agron. 3, 676208 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Agron."},{"key":"57860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2020.v9.i4e.11714","volume":"9","author":"S Tiwari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiwari, S. & Boppu, S. Bio-safe alternatives against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infesting maize crop: A review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 9, 692\u2013697 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"57860_CR25","first-page":"111","volume":"29","author":"ABS King","year":"2020","unstructured":"King, A. B. S. & Ataholo, M. O. Comparative efficacy of synthetic insecticides and neem seed kernel extracts against the infestation of maize (Zea mays L.) by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith). Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 29, 111\u2013125 (2020).","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"57860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12030685","volume":"12","author":"MC Keerthi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keerthi, M. C. et al. Bio-intensive tactics for the management of invasive fall armyworm for organic maize production. Plants 12(3), 685 (2023).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"57860_CR27","first-page":"11","volume":"89","author":"L Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma, L. & Thakur, N. Effect of Metarhizium anisopliae on the control of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in maize cultivation and farmers\u2019 perception. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 89, 11\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"57860_CR28","first-page":"23","volume":"116","author":"\u00c9K Fernandes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fernandes, \u00c9. K., Rangel, D. E., Braga, G. U., Roberts, D. W. & Bittencourt, V. R. Combined use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with rates of the insecticide chlorantraniliprole for control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Biol. Control. 116, 23\u201329 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Control."},{"key":"57860_CR29","first-page":"34","volume":"71","author":"GW Elzen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elzen, G. W., Lacey, L. A. & Lacey, C. M. Plant-mediated effects on clonization and establishment of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, in Corn (Zea mays) root system. Biol. Control. 71, 34\u201344 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Control."},{"key":"57860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.224774","volume":"81","author":"CSF Souza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Souza, C. S. F. et al. Efficiency of biological control for fall armyworm resistant to the protein Cry1F. Braz. J. Biol. 81, 154\u2013163 (2020).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"57860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2019.01.028","volume":"120","author":"F Baudron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baudron, F., Zaman-Allah, M. A., Chaipa, I., Chari, N. & Chinwada, P. Understanding the factors influencing fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) damage in African smallholder maize fields and quantifying its impact on yield. A case study in Eastern Zimbabwe. Crop. Prot. 120, 141\u2013150 (2019).","journal-title":"Crop. Prot."},{"key":"57860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112704","volume":"12","author":"A Abbas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abbas, A. et al. Biological control of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Agronomy 12, 2704\u20132714 (2022).","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"57860_CR33","first-page":"1067","volume":"92","author":"CJ Tavares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tavares, C. J., Pazini, W. C., Vargas, B. L. R., Schrank, A. & Vainstein, M. H. Biocontrol potential of different formulations and concentrations of Metarhizium anisopliae against fall armyworm larvae. J. Pest Sci. 92, 1067\u20131079 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"57860_CR34","first-page":"2462","volume":"7","author":"G Wankhede","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wankhede, G. et al. Management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) through bio-pesticides. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 7, 2462\u20132465 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"57860_CR35","first-page":"1689","volume":"7","author":"B Rakate","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rakate, B. & Bhale, U. Evaluation of different insecticides against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) on maize. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 7, 1689\u20131693 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"57860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050629","volume":"9","author":"MN Ghimire","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghimire, M. N., Mulenga, R. M., Misinzo, G., Kehoe, M. & Wang, Q. Potential efficacy of selected insecticides against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) inmaize A. Rev. Plants 9, 629 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Plants"},{"key":"57860_CR37","first-page":"83","volume":"161","author":"X Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Efficacy evaluation and resistance risk assessments of emamectin benzoate against Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 161, 83\u201390 (2019).","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"57860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962619","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.962619","volume":"13","author":"VM Pathak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pathak, V. M. et al. Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it\u2019s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Front. Microbiol. 13, 962619 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"57860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140015","volume":"740","author":"JA Tambo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tambo, J. A. et al. Understanding smallholders\u2019 responses to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) invasion: Evidence from five African countries. Sci. Total Environ. 740, 140015 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"57860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.9734\/ijecc\/2023\/v13i11593","volume":"13","author":"BKK Reddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reddy, B. K. K., Jyothi, V. S., Sadhineni, M., Johnson, M. & Swamy, G. N. Evaluation of IPM modules against fall armyworm in maize through frontline demonstration and its economic impact. Int. J. Environ. Clim. 13, 24\u201329 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Clim."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"57860_CR41","first-page":"115","volume":"30","author":"KL Jeengar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jeengar, K. L., Panwar, P. & Pareek, O. P. Front line demonstration on maize in Bhilwara District of Rajasthan. Curr. Agric. 30(1\/2), 115\u2013116 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Agric."},{"issue":"1","key":"57860_CR42","first-page":"18","volume":"43","author":"MG Dhandhalya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dhandhalya, M. G. & Shiyani, R. L. Production potentials, yield gaps and research prioritization of production constraints in major oilseed crops of Saurashtra region. Indian J. Agric. Res. 43(1), 18\u201325 (2009).","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"57860_CR43","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Krishi Vigyan Kendra\u2014A Guide for KVK Managers","author":"BN Choudhary","year":"1999","unstructured":"Choudhary, B. N. Krishi Vigyan Kendra\u2014A Guide for KVK Managers 73\u201378 (Publication, Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR, 1999)."},{"key":"57860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10982-7","volume":"12","author":"UKS Kushwaha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kushwaha, U. K. S. A cost-efficient and alternative technique of managing fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) larvae in maize crop. Sci. Rep. 12, 6741 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"57860_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.3390\/su15075681","volume":"15","author":"S Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. Occurrence, distribution, damage potential, and farmers\u2019 perception on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith): Evidence from the eastern Himalayan region. Sustainability 15(7), 5681 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"57860_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12565","volume":"142","author":"ML Bateman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bateman, M. L. et al. Assessment of potential biopesticide options for managing fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa. J. Appl. Entomol. 142, 805\u2013819 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"57860_CR47","first-page":"1726","volume":"8","author":"M Rajashekhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajashekhar, M. et al. IPM: An ecofriendly and low cost technology in arresting pest complex for higher net returns in cotton. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 8, 1726\u20131728 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"57860_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"MC Keerthi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keerthi, M. C. et al. Biology and oviposition preference of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on fodder crops and its natural enemies from Central India. Int. J. Pest Manag. 6, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"key":"57860_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2022.2096269","volume":"68","author":"M Rajashekhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajashekhar, M. et al. Evaluation of integrated pest management module for Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and its economic analysis under farmer\u2019s field conditions. Int. J. Pest Manag. 68, 1\u201310 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"key":"57860_CR50","first-page":"1683","volume":"8","author":"A Ramadevi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramadevi, A. et al. Impact of extension activities on pink bollworm management in Bt-cotton in tribal areas of Adilabad district. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 8, 1683\u20131687 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"57860_CR51","first-page":"271","volume":"24","author":"RS Narasimha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narasimha, R. S., Satish, P. & Samuel, G. Productivity improvement in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) through technological interventions. J. Oilseeds Res. 24, 271\u2013273 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Oilseeds Res."},{"key":"57860_CR52","first-page":"180","volume":"18","author":"SK Samui","year":"2000","unstructured":"Samui, S. K., Maitra, S., Roy, D. K., Mondal, A. K. & Saha, D. Evaluation on front line demonstration on groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). J. Indian. Soc. Coast. Agric. Res. 18, 180\u2013183 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Coast. Agric. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57860-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57860-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57860-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T01:24:42Z","timestamp":1731633882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-57860-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-57860-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7118"}}