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High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has proven to be useful for studying and improving vigilance. This study explores if\/how cognitive load affects the mitigatory effects of HD-tDCS on the vigilance decrement. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120) completed a modified ANTI-Vea task (single or dual load) while receiving either sham or anodal HD-tDCS over the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC). This data was compared with data from prior studies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120), where participants completed the standard ANTI-Vea task (triple load task), combined with the same HD-tDCS protocol. Against our hypotheses, both the single and dual load conditions showed a significant executive vigilance (EV) decrement, which was not affected by the application of rPPC HD-tDCS. On the contrary, the most cognitively demanding task (triple task) showed the greatest EV decrement; importantly, it was also with the triple task that a significant mitigatory effect of the HD-tDCS intervention was observed. The present study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the specific effects of HD-tDCS on the vigilance decrement considering cognitive demands. This can ultimately contribute to reconciling heterogeneous effects observed in past research and fine-tuning its future clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57917-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T12:02:30Z","timestamp":1712145750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HD-tDCS mitigates the executive vigilance decrement only under high cognitive demands"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4677-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Hemmerich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4546-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"57917_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","volume":"1","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. 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